ENTERING RADIO

NET
LECTURER :

Sgt Christian M Babadilla 862424 PAF

Ground Radio Specialist
557th CEISS
 OBJECTIVE :

To teach the students the different terms, phonetic alphabet,

numerals, prowords, & their meanings which are commonly used in
Radio Telephone Procedures (RTP), radio operating procedures & radio
net establishment.
 SCOPE OF THE LECTURE
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
- Radio Net
- Call Sign
- Call
- Procedure Words (Prowords)

• OPERATING RULES
- Practices specifically forbidden
- Practices to be avoided

• COMMUNICATION SECURITY
SCOPE OF THE LECTURE

• PHONETIC ALPHABET
- Pronunciation
- Uses

• NUMERALS
- Pronunciation
- Uses
 SCOPE OF THE LECTURE

• ESTABLISHING RADIO NET

- Operating Procedure
- Preliminary Calls
- Answering Sequence

• RADIO CHECK
- Report of Signal Strength
- Report of Readability
 RADIO NET
Two or more stations operating on the
same frequency.

MAXTOR VHF: 752.50

(Command Post)
(LSB)

VAMPIRE VENTURE VULTURE PYTHON

 ESTABLISHING RADIO NET

RADIO NET – two or more radio stations operating on the same

frequency for the specific purpose of interchanging
information.

TYPES: (Free Net & Directed Net)

1. FREE NET - the Net Control Station (NCS) authorizes member
stations to transmit traffic to other stations in the net without
obtaining prior permission from the NCS.
RADIO NET DIAGRAM
FREE NET :
2 ID HQS
“LIBRA”
NCS
“TIGER”
P: _ MHz
A: _ MHz

ALFA COY BRAVO COY CHARLIE COY

“VIRGO” “CANCER” “GEMINI”
FREE NET:
Traffic is exchanged without prior permission
from the NCS

Toto sel

caloy

saddam
brutos
 ESTABLISHING RADIO NET

TYPES:

2. DIRECTED NET - stations obtain permission

from NCS prior to communicating with other
stations in the net.
RADIO NET DIAGRAM
DIRECTED NET :
2 ID HQS
“LIBRA”
NCS
“TIGER”
P: _ MHz
A: _ MHz

ALFA COY BRAVO COY CHARLIE COY

“VIRGO” “CANCER” “GEMINI”
DIRECTED NET:
Stations obtain permission from the NCS
before transmitting
 CALL SIGNS
Is a combination of characters or
pronounceable words.

MAXTOR
(Command Post)

VAMPIRE VENTURE EAGLE PYTHON

 CALL SIGNS
Are used in radio communications to:

• Identify a communication facility

• Command
• Authority
• Unit
 CALL SIGNS
a combination of characters (letter & number) or
pronounceable words that identifies a
communication facilities, command, authority,
activity, or unit.
TYPES:
A. INDIVIDUAL CALL SIGN – identifies a single command or communication
facility.

B. COLLECTIVE CALL SIGN – identifies two or more stations in a particular

radio net but not all stations in the net.

C. NET CALL SIGN – identifies all radio stations operating in a particular radio
net.
 TYPES OF CALL SIGN

A. Individual Call Sign -Identifies or

represents a
single station .

Maxtor DE Eagle
GC is 7842 Over!
 TYPES OF CALL SIGN
B. Collective Call Sign
Which identifies two or more station in a net.

MAXTOR
(Command Post)

VAMPIRE VULTURE EAGLE PYTHON

LEOPARD
 TYPES OF CALL SIGN
C. Net Call Sign

Identifying all stations on a given net.

MAXTOR
(Command Post)

WILDCAT
VAMPIRE VULTURE EAGLE PYTHON
 COMPLETE RADIO NET DIAGRAM

MAXTOR VHF: 752.50

(Command Post) (LSB)

WILDCAT
VAMPIRE VULTURE EAGLE PYTHON

Leopard
 CALL
- is a method of establishing communication whereby the calling station
transmits the identity of the station(s) called as well as his own identity.

TYPES:

A. SINGLE CALL - is a type of call where the calling station transmits the call
signs of a single radio station.

B. MULTIPLE CALL - is a type of call where the calling station transmits the call
signs of two or more stations that are being called.

C. COLLECTIVE CALL - is made when the calling station transmits the collective
call sign which identifies two or more stations in a net but not all the
stations operating in that particular net.

D. NET CALL - is made when the calling station transmits the net call sign which
identifies all stations operating in the net.
 TYPES OF CALLS
A.SINGLE CALL – The calling stations transmit
the individual call sign of a
called station.

Maxtor DE
Vampire my 10-20
GC 5475 Over !
 TYPES OF CALLS
B. MULTIPLE CALL – Calling station transmit
a series of call signs identifying several stns
he wants to communicate with.

Vampire, Vulture,
Eagle DE Maxtor
Prepare to engaged
Over !
 TYPES OF CALLS
C. COLLECTIVE CALL – Calling station transmit
the collective call sign which identify several
stations in a particular net.

Leopard DE
Maxtor messages
for you Over!
PROCEDURE WORDS
(PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS
(PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
PROCEDURE WORDS (PROWORDS)
 OPERATING RULES

PRACTICES SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN :

• Violation of radio silence.

• Unofficial conversation (chatter) between radio operators.

• Transmitting on a directed net without permission.

• Excessive tuning & testing of equipment.

• Transmitting operator’s personnel sign.

OPERATING RULES
PRACTICES SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN :
• Unauthorized use of plain language.

• Use of other than authorized procedure words (prowords).

• Unauthorized use of plain language in place of applicable proword or operating

signals.

• Linkage or compromise of classified call signs or address groups by plain

language disclosure or association with unclassified call signs.

• Profane, indecent, or obscene language.

OPERATING RULES
PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED :
• Use of excessive transmitting power.

• Excessive time consumed in tuning, changing

frequency, or adjusting equipment.

• Transmitting at a speed beyond the capability of the

receiving operator.
 COMMUNICATION SECURITY

POINTERS TO CONSIDERED :

• Transmission should be as short & concise as possible consistent with

clearness.

• Transmission over telephone circuits are subject to interception by

unfriendly forces, therefore, classified information should never be
transmitted over radiotelephone circuits.

• Adherence to prescribed procedures is mandatory. Deviations from these

procedures cause confusion, reduce reliability and speed, and nullify security
measures.

• Transmission over radiotelephone circuits will not be made unless authorized

by proper authority.
 PHONETIC ALPHABET
USES:
• To identify individual letters of the alphabet in a message.

• To spell out difficult or foreign words within a plain text message. This is preceded by the
prowords “ I SPELL".

Example: CATENARY I SPELL CHARLIE ALFA TANGO ECHO

NOVEMBER ALFA ROMEO YANKEE CATENARY.

• To transmit each character in encrypted groups. This will be done even if occasional group in the
encrypted text are pronounceable. The use of phonetic in the case need not be preceded by the
proword “ I SPELL ”.

Example: The encrypted text LUXOW JULEP RTLMS RAKES will be transmitted as LIMA UNIFORM
XRAY OSCAR WHISKY JULIET UNIFORM LIMA ECHO PAPA ROMEO TANGO LIMA MIKE SIERRA ROMEO
ALFA KILO ECHO SIERRA
 PHONETIC ALPHABET
USES:
• Initial used alone or in conjunction with short titles shall be spoken
phonetically. EXAMPLE: Para A shall be spoken as PAPA ALFA. ACP shall be
spoken as ALFA CHARLIE PAPA. In the application of this rule, the phonetic
will not be used if the actual word can be used.

Example: PA shall not be spoken as PAPA ALPA SHOULD BE SPOKEN AS

PHILIPPINE ARMY. PC should not be spoken as PAPA CHARLIE but should
be spoken as PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY.

• Personal initials will be spoken phonetically preceded by the proword “

INITIAL ".

Example: E V CRUZ will be spoken as INITIAL ECHO VICTOR CRUZ.

 PHONETIC ALPHABET

LETTER PHONETIC SPOKEN AS LETTER PHONETIC SPOKEN AS

A ALFA AL FAH N NOVEMBER NO VEM BER

B BRAVO BRAH VOH O OSCAR OSS CAH

C CHARLIE CHAR LEE or P PAPA PAH PAH

SHARLEE

D DELTA DELL TAH Q QUEBEC KEH BECK

E ECHO ECK OH R ROMEO ROW ME OH

F FOXTROT FOKS TROT S SIERRA SEE AIR AH

G GOLF GOLF T TANGO TANG GO

H HOTEL HOH TELL U UNIFORM YOU NEE FORM

OO NEE FORM

I INDIA IN DEE AH V VICTOR VIK TAH

J JULIET JEW LEE IT W WHISKY WISS KEY

K KILO KEY LOH X XRAY ECKS RAY

L LIMA LEE MAH Y YANKEE YANG KEY

M MIKE MIKE Z ZULU ZOO LOO

 NUMERALS

USES:
• To distinguish numerals from words similarly pronounced, the
prowords “ Figure " may be used preceding the number.

• Numerals will be transmitted digit by digit except exact multiples of

thousands which may be spoken as such.
EXAMPLE: 9 NIN-ER
25 TOO FIFE
300 THREE ZE-RO ZERO
1245 WUN TOO FOW-ER FIFE
7000 SEV-EN TOU-ZAND
 NUMERALS
USES:
• The decimal point will be spoken as “DAY-SEE-MAL”.

Example: 123.4 will be spoken as WUN TOO THREE DAY-SEE-MAL

FOW-ER.

• Dates will be spoken digit by digit with the month in full .

Example: 25 August 1973 will be spoken as TOO FIFE AUGUST

WUN NIN-ER SEV-EN TREE.
 NUMERALS
NUMERAL SPOKEN AS NUMERAL SPOKEN AS

0 ZE – RO 5 FIVE

1 WUN 6 SIX
2 TOO 7 SEV-EN

3 TREE 8 AIT

4 FOW-ER 9 NIN-ER
 OPERATING PROCEDURES

RADIO CHECK - what is my signal strength & readability

ROGER - I have received your last transmission satisfactorily

Example:

“Gallant” this is “Hermit”, RADIO CHECK, OVER.

“Hermit” this is “ Gallant” OVER.

 RADIO NET PLANNING

RADIO PLANNING - is a logical analysis of

capabilities and requirements to formulate a
plan for radio communications in support of a
tactical operation.
 RADIO COMMUNICATION

ADVANTAGES :

- Speed On Installation
- Mobility
- Capability to Jump most Physical Obstacles
- Capability of Remote Control
- Many Modes of Operation.
 RADIO COMMUNICATION

DISADVANTAGES :

- Subject to frequent maintenance problems.

- Subject to atmospheric disturbances, terrain, man-made structures,

and other interferences.

- Very insecure without security equipment and subject to jamming.

- Frequent difficulties.
GEN PLANNING CONDITION

1. EQUIPMENT AUTHORIZED - The TOE lists the

communications equipment authorized for units.

2. EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE. Some communications

equipment cannot be used effectively if there is no
vehicle to transport it.
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

3. STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP).

The planner must consider the unit SOP.
4. SOI / SSI. The radio net planner reviews the SOI /
SSI, primarily the radio section; to determine
what call signs and frequencies will be used.
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

5. OPERATOR CONSIDERATIONS - normally three

operators are assigned per station on a 24-hour basis.

6. SECURITY - because of the wide use of radio in the AFP

today, maximum use of all available security devices should be
availed of at all levels of command.
GEN PLANNING CONDITION

7. PRINCIPLES OF NET OPERATION.

In making the net plan, the radio officer and the S3

should take into consideration on principles of radio
net operation.

These are described in the field manual on "Field Radio

Techniques" (FM 24-18).
GEN PLANNING CONDITION

TYPES OF NETS:

SINGLE-PURPOSE NETS
- Command Net
- Operations Net
- Intelligence Net
- Administrative Net
- Logistics Net

MULTI-PURPOSE NETS
- Command / Operations Net
- Operations / Intelligence Net
- Command / Operations/Intelligence Net
- Intelligence / Logistic Administrative Net

SPECIAL-PURPOSE NETS
- Tactical Air Observation Net
- Communications Control Net
- Warning Broadcast Net
- Air Force Spot Report Receiver Net
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

8. NET CONTROL - Net control may either be a "FREE

NET" where subordinate stations may contact other
stations in the net without securing permission from the
net control station, or "DIRECTED NET" where
stations have to secure authority from the net control
stations before transmitting to other subordinate stations
in the radio net.
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

9. RESTRICTIONS - For efficiency, flexibility, and security,

the radio planner may prescribe station and / or net
restrictions.

STATION RESTRICTIONS:
- MONITOR
- MONITOR - ENTER AS REQUIRED
- MONITOR - ENTER EMERGENCY ONLY
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

STATION RESTRICTIONS :

MONITOR - A monitoring station is required to listen to (or copy) net traffic. It does
not transmit in the net.

MONITOR - ENTER AS REQUIRED - A station with this restriction is not required to

enter the net on a full-time basis unless it is designated as the alternate (Net
Control Station) NCS.

MONITOR - ENTER EMERGENCY ONLY - A station with this restriction

operates as a MONITOR station.
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

NET RESTRICTIONS :

RADIO SILENCE - A period during which all transmitters and receivers within the
command are kept inoperative .
The Commander specifies the time and duration of radio silence.

LISTENING SILENCE - A period during which radio receivers are permitted to monitor
the net frequency, but radio transmitters are shut down.

CEOI & CESI - Comprehensive Communications-Electronics Operating Instructions

(CEOI) and Communications-Electronics Standing Instructions (CESI) are required
for efficient operation.
 GEN PLANNING CONDITION

RADIO DOCTRINE - Radio doctrines for the various operations as indicated below are briefly stated:

ASSEMBLY - the Commander normally orders radio silence to maintain secrecy and surprise.

MARCH - the advantages of using radio for control must be weighed against the need for secrecy.

OFFENSE - radio is usually the primary means of communication.

DEFENSE – radio listening silence.

PRE-ENGAGEMENT - radio operation are regulated to maintain secrecy and deception.

GEN PLANNING CONDITION

ELECTRONIC WARFARE - there is a greater

need for effective electronic counter measures
in radio operations done in other, more secure,
type of communications.
 PLANNING PROCEDURE FOR RADIO
OPERATION

• Develop requirements by using the (Mission, Enemy, Troops,

Area of Opn and Logistics) METAL analysis, concept of
communications support, and SOP.

• Determine available resources.

• Develop priorities.

• Make tentative plan.

 DETERMINE THE TYPE OF NET

NET TYPE
Command Net FM (voice): single purpose
Fire Direction Net FM (voice): single purpose
General Purpose Net RATT-AM-A1(CW)-A2(MCW) –A3
(voice)
 DETERMINE NUMBER OF STATIONS

• It is recommended that radio nets, if

possible will be limited to seven (7) active
stations for maximum efficiency.
• Consider the flexibility and security desired
in the net.
DETERMINE THE NET ORGANIZATION

• Designate a Net Control Station (NCS)

and an alternate NCS.
• Allocate back-up communications.
• Designate the stations that will have
restrictions.
 ESTABLISH SPECIAL
INSTRUCTIONS & REGULATIONS

• As the time of opening the nets.

• As the times when radio silence or radio
listening silence will be employed.
 RADIO CHECK
NOTHING HEARD – to be used if no reply is received from the called station.

REPORT OF SIGNAL STRENGTH :

LOUD - Your signal is very strong.

GOOD - Your signal strength is good.

WEAK - Your signal strength is weak.

VERY WEAK - Your signal strength is very weak.

FADING - At times your signal strength fades to such extent that continuous
reception cannot be relied upon.
 RADIO CHECK
REPORT OF READABILITY :

CLEAR - Excellent quality.

READABLE - Quality is satisfactory.

UNREADABLE - The quality of your transmissions is so bad that I cannot read you.

DISTORTED - Having trouble reading you because your signals is distorted.

WITH INTERFERENCE - Having trouble due to interference.

 RADIO CHECK
SIGNAL SIGNAL
STRENGTH READABILITY

LOUD 5 CLEAR 5
GOOD 4 READABLE 4
WEAK 3 UNREADABLE 3
VERY WEAK 2 DISTORTED 2

FADING 1 WITH INTERFERENCE 1

Ex: “COBRA” THIS IS “LION”,

WEAK BUT READABLE, OVER.
(signal is 3 by 4)
 NET RESTRICTIONS

RADIO SILENCE - a period which all transmitters and receivers

within the command are kept inoperative except during
emergencies specifically described in orders. The Commander
specifies the time and duration of radio silence.

LISTENING SILENCE- a period which radio receivers are permitted

to monitor the net frequency, but radio transmitters are shut down.
 UHF MOTOROLA™ REPEATER WITH TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT

TEL CALL FROM AFPMC TO AMBULANCE USING UHF RADIO

UHF REPEATER WITH
TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT
(ANTILOPO RELAY STATION)

AMBULANCE

TELEPHONE
UHF MOBILE BASE RADIO
 UHF MOTOROLA™ REPEATER WITH TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT
RADIO CALL FROM AFPMC TO AMBULANCE USING UHF RADIO
UHF REPEATER WITH
TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT
(ANTILOPO RELAY STATION)

AMBULANCE

UHF BASE RADIO

UHF MOBILE BASE RADIO
 UHF MOTOROLA™ REPEATER WITH TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT

RADIO CALL FROM AMBULANCE TO AFPMC USING UHF RADIOS

UHF REPEATER WITH

TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT
(ANTILOPO RELAY STATION)

TELEPHONE
UHF MOBILE BASE RADIO
RADIO CALL FROM AFPMC TO HELICOPTER USING VHF AIRBAND RADIO

VHF Air-Band (ICOM™) Base Radio

RADIO CALL FROM HELICOPTER TO AFPMC USING VHF AIRBAND RADIO

VHF Air-Band (ICOM™) Base Radio

VHF Airband ICOM™ Radio will be use for the “Air-to-Ground”
contact for helicopter conducting evacuation or rescue
operation.

VLGH

AFPMC
 HF SSB AM Radio will be use in communicating
different area Command & Major services of the AFP
on matters pertaining to patient.
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

UHF REPEATER SYSTEM

MOTOROLA CDR500
Power Output: Continuous Low Power 25W (to duplexer)
Intermittent High Power 45W (to duplexer)
Frequency: Radio Dependent
Display: Yes
Keypad: No
Option Board: No
Signalling: No
Mil Spec: Nil
Weight: 21.3 kg
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

UHF MOBILE BASE RADIO

MOTOROLA™ GM338

Signalling: Quick Call, DTMF, limited MDC1200

Power Output: 23W-45W
Display: Yes
Keypad: Yes
Option Board: Yes
Emer Button: Yes
Mil Spec: MIL-STD 810C, D & E
Weight: 1.4 kgs
Channels: 128
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

UHF HANDHELD RADIO

MOTOROLA™ GP338
Signalling: Quick Call, DTMF, limited MDC1200
Power Output: 23W-45W
Display: Yes
Keypad: Yes
Option Board: Yes
Emer Button: Yes
Mil Spec: MIL-STD 810C, D & E
Weight: 1.4 kgs
Channels: 128
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

VHF AIR-BAND HANDHELD RADIO

ICOM™ IC-A110
Frequency Range: 118.000-136.975 MHz
Channel Spacing: 8.33 / 25 kHz auto
Mode: 6K00A3E(AM)
Nr of Memory Ch: 20
Antenna Connector: SO-239 (50 Ohms)
Power Supply : 13.75VDC / 27.5 V DC auto
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

VHF AIR-BAND HANDHELD RADIO

ICOM™ IC-A24
Frequency Range:
Tx/Rx 118.000-136.975 MHz
Rx 108.000-117.975 MHz
Weather 161.650-163.275 MHz
Channel Spacing: 25 kHz
Mode: 6K00A3E(AM)
Nr of Memory Ch: 200 (20Ch x 10 banks)
Power Supply : 7.4V DC (Battery pack)
11.0V DC (External DC jack)
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SPECS

HF SSB AM BASE RADIO

KENWOOD
KENWOOD™ TK-80
SSB Radio Tel: 1.8 MHz to 30 MHz
TransmitterGeneral Coverage Receiver: 500 KHz to 30 MHz
Power Output: 100W (SSB,CW,FSK)
Power RF output: 25W (AM)
Data Mode: Built-in (AFSK or FSK)
Antenna : Auto Tuner Control
RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 THANK YOU

GOOD DAY