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Building
Construction
Submitted by-
Milli Jain
B.Sc. Interior Design +1 Year Res idential Design
Diploma, NSQF Level-5 ( NSDC )
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dez yneecole.com
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I Milli Jain, Student Of Dezyne E’cole’ College, Am Extremely Grateful To Each And Every Individual
Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion Of My Project.
I Express My Gratitude Towards Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance And Constant Supervision
As Well As For Providing The Necessary Information And Support Regarding The Completion Of
Project.
Thank You
SYNOPSIS
The Subject Building Construction Is Rather Complicated In The Sense That It Contains The Study Of
Such Topics Which Are Difficult To Digest. This Project Deals With Various Components Of Building, Their
Types And Sub-types.
This Project Has Been Created Under The Guidance Of Ms. Divya Sharma.
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College.
Types of
Buildings
Detached Houses:
The design of the detached houses can be made by considering the individual
requirements of the family to be accommodated in that house.
Sufficient margins are left on side , front and rear.it may also include garden, swimming Detached
pool, etc.
A detached house permits the highest form of residence and it is applicable at place
where land prices are comparatively low.
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Types of Building
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Semi Detached Houses:
A common boundary wall in the form of structural barrier divides an independent plot
into two units.
Such construction helps in securing many advantages of detached houses and in Semi-Detached Semi-Detached
addition, economy may be achieved by sharing expenses of common amenities such as house house
water line, electric cables, etc.
Plot Plot
T.P. Road
Common Wall
Top plan
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Types of Building
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Row of Houses:
For providing reasonable
accommodation to labourers a row of House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5
houses with minimum requirements like
living room and kitchen, may be
constructed.
It may be single or double storeyed. Plot Plot Plot Plot Plot
The row housing yields more net
residential density and is preferred for
the low income group of families.
Top plan Common Wall
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Types of Building
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Apartments or Flats:
Due to tendency of migration of village population to cities, there is considerable rise in Flat 1 Flat 2
the price of city land an hence, it has become practically become impossible even for
the higher class of the society to have a detached house in thickly populated city areas.
This has lead to the conception of apartments or flats. Common Wall
An apartment or flats consists of three to ten floors and may accommodate two to six
flats or apartments.
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view
Ground Floor
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Types of Building
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Important Building
Components
Important building components:
Foundation :
It is a part of building constructed below the ground level and transmits all load to sub soil. It is also known as sub structure.
Plinth:
It is the building above the ground level and up to the floor level immediately above the ground. The built-up area measures at the plinth level known as
Plinth area.
Superstructure:
It is a part of building constructed above the plinth level.
Following are the structural components of a building:
1. Foundation .
2. Plinth.
3. Masonry.
4. Basement, Ground Floor and Upper floor.
5. Sills, lintels and weather sheds.
6. Doors, windows and ventilators.
7. Roofs.
8. Stairs, Lifts, Ramps.
9. Plastering, Painting, White washing, Flooring etc.
10. Utility Fixtures.
Roof:
A roof is the uppermost part of the building which is constructed in a form of a framework to give protection to the building against rain, heat,
snow, wind, etc.
Utility Fixtures:
These are the built in items in the building. They are immovable in nature. Wooden cupboards made in walls are utility fixtures. Generally they are
provided by making recesses in walls, which the structure weak. So in modern construction these are avoided.
Flooring of terrace
Cornice
Window
Sill
Wall
StringCourse
Door
Plinth Level
Steps
Foundation
Weather shed
Window
Sill
RCC Lintel
Watershed
Foundation
Coping
ParapetWall
RCC Roof Slab
Lintel
Weather shed
Superstructure
Window Brick Wall
PlinthLevel
Damp ProofCourse
Flooring
Sand Filling
Footing
Substructure
Foundation
Base Concrete Bed Level
Top Plan
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Bye laws
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Front Set Back
Height of the building
Boundary Wall
Pillar Main Entrance
Interior Entrance
Ramp
Isometric view
Roof truss
Flooring
Bed Concrete
Foundation
Cement Concrete
Front elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Structural systemof
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments building Design Diploma
Roof truss
Flooring
Bed Concrete
Cement Concrete
Foundation
Isometric view
Column
Floor Slab
Floor Beam
Plinth Beams
Footing
Front elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Structural systemof
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments building Design Diploma
Roof Slab
Column
Floor Slab
Floor Beam
Plinth Beams
Foundation
Footing
Isometric view
Flooring
Rubber Filling
Cement Concrete
Front elevation
Bed Block
Load Bearing wall
RCC Column
Rubber Filling
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Structural systemof
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments building Design Diploma
Stairs
Requirements of A Good Stair
Design of layout
Treads and risers
Pitch Handrail
Headroom
Single step
Location
Width
Flight
Riser
Newel post
Soffit
Waist
Side Elevation Isometric view
Top view
Riser
Lading
Tread
Tread
Riser
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Quarter-turn stairs:
A stair turning through one right
angle is known as a quarter turn
Up Lading
stair. If a quarter turn stairs is
branched into two flights at a
Top view Tread landing, it is termed as bifurcated
stairs. This type of stairs is
commonly used in the public
buildings near their entrance
Riser hall. The stair has a wider flight
at the bottom which bifurcates
into two narrow flights at the
Lading
landing – one turn to the left and
other to the right.
Riser
Tread
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Riser
Lading
Tread
Riser Side Elevation
Lading
Turn Stairs. A Half Turn May Be
In Following Types-
• Dog Legged
Up
• Open Newel Stairs
• Three Quarter Turn Stairs
Dog Legged:
Lading
Top view In Case Of Dog Legged Stairs, The
Flight Turn In Opposite Direction
And There Is No Space Between
Them In Plan. These Stairs Are
Useful Where Total Width Of
Space Available For The Staircase
Tread Is Equal To Twice The Width Of
The Steps. Its Name Is Derived
Lading Riser From Its Appearance In The
Sectional Elevation.
Riser
Tread
Top view
well
Winder
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Top view
Open rectangular well
Riser
Landing Tread
Riser
Tread
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
Stairs 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Three-Quarter-Turn Stairs:
Well
Tread
Landing
Riser
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
Stairs 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Circular or helical or spiral
Stairs:
Tread
2.08 m
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Overlap
Tread Soffit
Riser
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Residential Design Basic Stairs of different 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Assignments material www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Spandril Stairs:
Riser
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Residential Design Basic Stairs of different 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Assignments material www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Spandril Stairs With Broken
Soffit:
Riser
Soffit Isometric view
Side elevation
Side elevation
Soffit
Top view
Isometric view
Tread
Riser Soffit
Trade
Riser
Dowel
Side elevation
Top view
Tread Soffit
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Brick
Tread masonry
Riser
Isometric view
Brick
masonry
Side elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
Stairs of different Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design 13th May’ 2017
material www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Built-up Steps:
Tread
Concrete
Riser
Concrete Marble slab
Steps
Isometric view
Side elevation
Side elevation
Riser
Top view
Isometric view
Tread Tread
Riser
Concrete bed
Concrete bed
Ground
Side elevation level
Isometric view
Arches Arches
Floor level
Riser
Tread
Angle
Bolts
Side elevation
Side elevation
Isometric view
Voussoirs Spandril
Key
Crown
Extrados
Intrados
Rise
Skewback
Springing line
Springer
Span
Pier Centre
Abutment
• Segmental Arch
• Flat Arch
• Pointed Arch
• Relieving Arch
• Stilted Arch
• Venetian Arch
• Florentine Arch
Opening
Opening
Centre
Opening
Opening
Centre
Opening
Centre
Opening
Opening
Opening
Types Of Doors
Ledged doors
Ledged and braced doors
Ledged and frameddoors
Ledged ,framed and braced doors
Framed and paneled doors
Glazed or sash doors
Flush doors
Louvered doors
Collapsible steel doors
Revolving doors
Rolling steel doors
Swing doors
Frame:
This consists of a group of members which form a support for a
door or a window.
Style:
This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or a
window.
Head:
The top or upper most horizontal part of a frame is known as the
head.
Sill:
The lower most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame is
known as the sill. The door frames are usually not provided with
the sills.
Top rail:
This is the topmost horizontal member of the shutter.
Lock rail:
This is the middle horizontal member of the shutter where the
locking arrangement is provided.
Bottom rail:
This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter.
Intermediate or cross rail:
The additional horizontal rails fixed between the top and bottom
rails of a shutter.
Panel: Front elevation
This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
Holdfast:
This is generally in the form of a mild steel flat bar of section
30mm by 6mm and of length 200mm.
Horn
Frame Style
Lock Rail
Holdfast
Front elevation
Panel
Bottom Rail
Detailed View
Batten
The ledges are generally Frame
100mm to 200mm wide
and 30mm thick. The three Middle Ledge
edges are generally
employed- top, middle and
bottom.
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan
Batten
Middle Ledge
ledges. It should be noted
that the braces must slope
upwards from the hanging
side as they have to work
in compression and not n
Bottom Ledge
tension.
Frame
Ledge
Brace
Front Elevation
Vertical Section
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan
Batten
in appearance as shown Top Ledge
in figure. The styles are
generally 100mm wide Frame
and 40mm thick. The
battens and ledges are
provided as usual. Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Ledge
Style
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan
Batten
more durable and stronger and
hence it can be adopted for external
Hinge Top Ledge
use. The braces should incline
upwards from the hanging side.
Frame
Style
Middle Ledge
Ledge
Enlarged Part-plan
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are joined to
the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door, number of
panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Top rail
Mullion
Panel Style Panel Style Panel
Lock
rail
Bottom
rail
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are joined to
the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door, number of
panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Top
rail
Panel Panel
Frieze rail
Frame
Mullion
Panel Panel
Frame
Style Panel
Panel Panel
Top Plan
Bottom
rail
Front Elevation
Glass
panel Glass
panel
Style Style
Glass
panel Frame Frame
Timer
panel
Fully Glazed Door Door With Diminishing Partly Panelled And Partly
Styles Glazed Door
Hinge block
Horizontal ribs
Vertical ribs
Hollow space
Style Style
Hole
Lock block
Bottom rail
Top rail
Laminatedcore
Style
Laminated core
Frame
Style
Ply wood
Ply wood
Bottom rail
Top Plan
Front Elevation
Louvers
Louvers
Panels
Frame
Side plan
Elevation
Wall Runner
Opening Door opening
Wall
Opening Handle
Frame
Double Shutter Sliding On Both Side Shutter
Wall
Opening
Front Elevation
Head
Horn
Frame
Style
Front elevation
Holdfast
Panel
Sill
Detailed View
• Casement windows
• Double-Hung windows
• Pivoted windows
• Sliding windows
• Louvered windows
• Sash or glazed windows
• Metal windows
• Circular windows
• Corner windows
• Gable windows
• Dormer windows
• Bay windows
• Clerestory windows
• Lanterns or lantern wind ows
• Skylights
Style
Shutters
Frame
Wall
Top rail
Style
Glass panels
Bottomrail
Front Elevation
Frame Shutter
Pivot
Top rail
Frame
Glass
panel
Bottom rail
Front Elevation
Frame
Shutter
Frame
Side view
Glazing Wall
Top plan
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Windows www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Metal Window
The shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots. The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window except that no
rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically or horizontally pivoted.
Lintel
Lintel
Plug
Handle
Handle
Hinges Hinge
Dormer Window
These are the windows provided on the sloping roofs and the main purpose is to admit light and air to rooms which are constructed within or
below the roof slopes.
Dormer window
Gable Window
Gable end
Pivot
Shutter
Outside Inside
Verandah roof
Curbing
Plan
Front Elevation
Top rail
Lead gutter
Glass
Copper clip
Curb frame
Front Elevation
• Mosquito-proof Door
Wire-gauge shutters Wall In case of doors, ordinary paneled
Spring hinge
shutters are provided on the front
side and they open outside. The
Inside
inside shutters are provided with
wire-gauge and an automatic
Front Elevation Of Mosquito-proof Window arrangement, in the form of a
spring hinge, is also provided.
Metal window
• Mosquito-proof Window
It shows the arrangement for
mosquito-proofing a window
which is opening outside. In order
Wire-gauge insteel to open shutters of window from
frame inside, the roto mechanism is
Inside
provided. In figure wire-gauge is
Roto mechanism
provided on the outside and
parliamentary hinges are provided
to the shutters of window.
Pointing : The term pointing is used to denote the finishing of mortar joints , of either stone masonry or brick masonry . The joint is
raked out to a depth of about 20mm and then ,these spaces are filled up by suitable mortar in the desired shape .
Mortar For Pointing : The pointing is generally adopted for the finishing of exposed external walls of a structure . It is cheap in the
first coat , but it requires frequent replacement . The pointing may be carried out either in lime mortar or in cement mortar .
• Lime Mortar : consist of equal volumes of lime and sand . These two materials are carefully ground in a mortar mill . The sand to
be used for preparing lime mortar should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
• Cement Mortar : consist of equal volume of cement and sand . The cement should comply with standard requirements and sand
should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
Methods Of Pointing :
• The mortar of the masonry joints to be covered with a depth of at least 20 mm.
• The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the brushes .
• The mortar is then washed with clean water and it is kept wet for a few hours .
• The mortar then carefully placed in desired shape in these prepared joints .
• The finished surface is well-watered for a period of at least 3 days , if lime mortar is used and 10 days , if cement mortar is used .
• Beaded Pointing
• Flush Pointing
• Recessed Pointing
• Rubbed Pointing
• Struck Pointing
• Tuck Pointing
• Vee Pointing
• Weathered Pointing
Detail
Flush Pointing
It is formed by removing the
Flush excess mortar from joint. The joint
is made flush with the face. It does
not give good appearance but is
durable and does not provide
accumulation of dust, water, etc.
Detail
Detail
Rubbed Pointing
Also called keyed or grooved
Rubbed pointing. Groove is formed at the
center of height by a pointer and it
gives better appearance and is
generally adopted.
Detail
Side Elevation
Front Elevation
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Pointing www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Struck Pointing
The face of pointing is kept
Struck inclined. The upper edge of joint is
about 10mm inside the face of
masonry. This joint disposes water
easily. If the lower edge of joint is
kept inside the face of masonry, it
is called overhead struck pointing.
Detail
Tuck Pointing
A groove is formed at the center of
Tuck joint. The width and depth of
groove are 5mm to 3 mm. the
groove is then filled in or tucked in
by white cement putty with a
projection of 3mm.
Detail
Detail
Weathered Pointing
A projection in the form of a vee-
Weathered shaped is formed.
Detail
• Asphalt
• Brick
• Concrete
• Cork
• Glass
• Linoleum
• Magnesite
• Marble
• Moorum
• Mud
• Plastic
• Rubber