LEARNING

THEORY
OTheory is derived from the
Greek term theoros, which
means observer or viewer
OLearn came from the Indo-
European term leornian,
which means course or tract
Two Theoretical Approaches
in Learning

1. BEHAVIORISM
is based on an idea that all
our behavior develop through
conditioning. We all act the certain
way because of our environment.
 BEHAVIORISM

STIMULUS RESPONSE
2. COGNITIVE
- Learning has something

to do with mental process

including memory, attention,
language and problem
solving
 Cognitive

STIMULUS COGNITIVE
STRUCTURES
RESPONSE
Fundamental Principles of Conditioning – The
bottom line of this principle is the stimulus-
response (S-R) theories in which educational
psychologist believed that human and animal
behavior is acquired through a series of training.

O Reflexes or Classical Conditioning

O Connectionism or Law of Effect
O Instrumentalism or Operant Conditioning
O Observational or Social Learning Theory
O Cognitive Learning
1. REFLEXES OR CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
O Reflex conditioning is a kind
of learning in which an
automatic or reflexive
reaction transfers from one
stimulus to another.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
O Father of Classical
conditioning
O Physiologist
O Observed odd
patterns of salivation
Ivan Pavlov – Classical
Conditioning
Two Different Stimuli and
Reponses
O Unconditioned or unlearned
stimulus-response
O Conditioned or Learned stimulus-
response
 Process of Classical
Conditioning

O Acquisition
O Extinction
O Generalization
O Discrimination
 Acquisition
Refers to the first stages of
learning when a response is
established. It is an act of
developing new skill, practice or
way of doing things.
 Generalization
In the conditioning process, stimulus
generalization is the tendency for
the conditioned stimulus to evoke
similar responses after the response
has been conditioned.
 Extinction
When operant behavior that
has been previously reinforced
no longer produces reinforcing
consequences the behavior
gradually stops occurring.
Repeating the same process
will no longer be effective
Discrimination
Discrimination is the contrast of
Generalization because an
individual is conditioned to make a
particular response to some
stimuli but not to others.
2. CONNECTIONISM OR
LAW OF EFFECTS
Edward Lee Thorndike
devised a couple of
behavioral laws.
O Law of Effect
O Law of exercise
 Law of Effect
Responses that produce a
satisfying effect in a particular
situation become more likely to
occur again in that situation, and
responses that produce a
discomforting effect become less
likely to occur again in that
situation
 Law of Exercise
Affirms that behavior is more
strongly established when the
connection is frequently
succeed
 Instrumentalism or
Operant Conditioning
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Operant Conditioning is a type
of learning in which the
organism learns through the
consequences of its behavior.
Reinforcement (Pakunswelo)
Refers to any conditioning process that
strengthens a particular action, that is,
increases the probability that the same
favourable action will occur again.
 Two Kinds of
Reinforcement
O Positive Reinforcement - Positive reinforcement
works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing
stimulus to the person after the desired
behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more
likely to happen in the future.
O Negative Reinforcement- should not be thought
of as a punishment procedure. With negative
reinforcement, you are increasing a behavior,
whereas with punishment, you are decreasing a
behavior
Punishment
Refers to any conditioning process
that lessen a particular action, that
is , decreases the possibility that
the same unfavourable action may
take place again.
 Punishment
O Positive Punishment - Positive punishment
works by presenting an aversive
consequence after an undesired behavior is
exhibited, making the behavior less likely to
happen in the future.
O Negative Punishment- happens when a
certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after
a particular undesired behavior is exhibited,
resulting in the behavior happening less
often in the future
Shaping
O Refers to technique with
accompanying reward.
 4. OBSERVATIONAL OR
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

O Albert Bandura stressed that by

observing others one creates an idea
or concept of how new behaviors is
imitated and performed that serve as
guide to any action.
Four Process that occur during
Observational Learning

O Attention
O Retention or Memory
O Reproduction or Imitation
O Motivation
5. Cognitive Learning
The Cognitive Learning Theory
explains why the brain is the most
incredible network of information
processing and interpretation in
the body as we learn things
Factors that Influence learning
ability
O Age
O Motivation
O Prior Experience
O Intelligence