GRAPHENE

HELLO!
I am Muhamad Diki Permana
Undergraduated student in Chemistry at Padjadjaran University
You can find me at @MuhamadDikiPermana

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 SYNTHESIS GRAPHENE
OXIDE FROM OKARA AND
ITS APPLICATION FOR
CHROMIUM ANALYSIST
 Content

✘ Definition
✘ Carbon Source
✘ Graphene Synthesis Method
✘ Characterization of Graphene
✘ Application of Graphene

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 Definition

Carbon Okara Graphene Graphene Oxide

Carbon materials have is a by-product is a one-atom-thick Graphene which has
long been used as generated during tofu planar structure that oksigen. Itc can form
adsorbents, fillings, or soymilk production may exist in a single or hdroxide or epoxide.
separating materials, processes. multi-layer form.
etc.,
 A. How to get carbon from nature

1. Hydrothermal Carbonization
2. Extraction
3. Chemical Oxidation
4. Microwave Chemistry
5. Pyrolytic Decomposition

(Zhang et al., 2011)

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 How to get carbon from nature
1 2 3 4 5

Hydrothermal Extraction Chemical Oxidation Microwave Chemistry Pyrolytic

Carbonization Decomposition
distilled water at 90°C hydrogen peroxide and the natural product is
method that has been and the mixture was oxidizing acids, can be The natural product is
dissolved in solvent
used to prepare novel vigorously stirred and used to facilitate heated, leading to the
and the solution is then
carbon-based then centrifuged. The carbonization of natural heated in a microwave formation of black
materials from natural supernatant was products carbon materials.
chamber.
carbon precursors filtered through a
membrane and purified
by Sephadex G-25 gel
filtration
chromatography.
 B. Extraction of Carbon from Okara

(Zhou et al., 2014)

1. mechanical ground, filtration and washing

2. 10.0 g okara were placed in a quartz and heated to the reaction
temperatures of 800 °C in N2 atmosphere
3. Carbonization for 120 min
4. 2.0 g black products were collected when the reactor was cooled to room
temperature under N2 gas protection
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 B. Extraction of Carbon from Okara

5. Ball mill for 4 h

6. Reflux for 120 min in acetone
7. Filtration, washed several times with deionized water and ethanol, and dried
at 60 °C under vacuum for 12 h.
8. Treated with the solution (2 mol L–1 HNO3 and 3% H2O2) for 24 h
9. Again carbonized for 120 min at 800 °C in N2 atmosphere
10. Treated with the solution under stirring for 24 h
11. Washed with deionized water and dried overnight at 60 °C
12. Finally, the okara-derived carbon (ODC) was obtained.
(Zhou et al., 2014)

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 Graphene Synthesis Method
1 2 3 4 5

Exfoliation and Thermal Chemical Plasma Enhanced Chemical Method Un-zipping CNTs and
Cleavage Vapor Deposition Chemical Vapor Other Methods
used to chemically
Use hydrophobicity of Techniques Deposition MWNTs can be
extract graphene films
graphite oxide (GO) Techniques opened up
Camphor was first from graphite, without
and exfoliated GO evaporated at 180˚C on stainless steel longitudinally by using
the exfoliation step.
nanosheets by and then pyrolyzed, in substrate at 500˚C, by intercalation of Li and
ultrasonication in another chamber of the microwave PECVD. ammonia, followed by
aqueous suspension CVD furnace, at 700 to The process used a exfoliation in acid and
and attempted 850˚C, using argon as gas mixture of CH4 and abrupt heating.
reduction of the films in the carrier gas. H2
hydrazine hydrate
 Exfoliation and Cleavage

The future improvisations

need to concentrate on
controlling the number of
layers and minimizing impurity
levels to lead this process into
an industrial scale production
level. (Choi et al., 2010)

(Wang et al., 2014)

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 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques

Graphene, produced in this method, was found to show better

crystallinity, than any other method. (Choi et al., 2010)

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Characterization of Graphene
FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Raman Spectroscopy

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 Characterization

Mechanical FTIR XRD SEM Raman

Properties Spectroscopy

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 1. Mechanical Properties

(Georgantzinos et al.,2011)

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 2. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared)

CTAB, a cationic surfactant,

has been chosen to modify
GN via noncovalent
interaction. The negatively
charged carboxyl group of
GO can interact with the
positive charged
ammonium ion of CTAB
through ionic interactions.

(Wu et al., 2013)

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 3. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)

XRD was used to investigate

the phase and structure of
the synthesized G
sample.The XRD pattern of
the as-prepared graphene
shows a broad peak at 2q ¼,
corresponding to the (002)
reflection of graphene.

(Chang et al., 2011)

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 4. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

(Zhu et al., 2010)

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 4. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

(Zhu et al., 2010)

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 5. Raman Spectroscopy

(Zhu et al., 2010)

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Application of Graphene
Applied for newest technology of graphene

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 Application

Graphene Field Effect Transparent

Graphene Field Battery
Based Gas and Transistors Electrodes
Emission (FE)
Bio Sensors (FET) To meet the
For liquid crystal
FE is an electron graphene increasing
properties of displays (LCD),
emission process nanoribbons (GNRs), demand for Li-ion
graphene aid to flat panel displays,
in which electrons are predicted to batteries with
increase its touch panels,
are emitted from a exhibit band gaps higher energy
sensitivity up to solar cells and
material under the useful for room density and
single atom or EMI shielding.
application of high temperature FET durability
molecular level
electric field. applications, with
detection
excellent switching
speed and high
carrier mobility.
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 Graphene Based Gas and Bio Sensors

(Zhu et al., 2010)

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 6 Graphene on Chromium Analysis

Carbon materials are well known The exceptional properties of

for their high adsorption capacity.
They have been proven to
possess great potential as
adsorbents for removing many
kinds of environmental
pollutants: some examples are
activated carbon, fullerenes,
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon
nanohorn, and carbon
nanocones/disks.
graphene make it a superior
candidate as an adsorbent for
SPE. Firstly, graphene has a large
specific surface area (theoretical
value 2630 m2 g-1), suggesting a
high sorption capacity.

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 6 Graphene on Chromium Analysis

Column preparation
1. Graphene (30.0 mg) was placed in a 3.0 mL SPE column
2. Prior to extraction, the column was preconditioned with 10.0 mL
methanol and 10.0 mL deionized water
3. Then the column was conditioned to the desired pH.
(Chang et al., 2011)

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 6 Graphene on Chromium Analysis

(Chang et al., 2011)

(Wang et al., 2014)

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 6 Graphene on Chromium Analysis

(Kumar et al., 2013)

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THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
✘ @M_DikiPermana
✘ Muhamad16046@mail.unpad.ac.id

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 Credits

Special thanks to all the people who made and

released these awesome resources for free:
✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
✘ Photographs by Unsplash

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