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(ESL 720)
Typical Structure of Power Supply
System
Indian Power Sector
Installed Capacity Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal
(up to June, 2018) 2,22,693 64.80%
Source:
GOI website
Evolution of Indian Power Grid
CEA Reviews
Electricity consumption sector wise
Electricity consumption sector wise
Growth from 2001-2002 to 2014-2015
151% growth in total consumption was a result of 177%
growth in residential consumption, 241% rise in
commercial consumption, 148% growth in industrial
consumption, and 112% growth in agricultural
consumption.
Why Energy Conservation?
• For one unit of power required, roughly 2.2 times
generation capacity required
• The primary energy demand in India has grown from about 450 million tons of oil
equivalent (toe) in 2000 to about 770 million toe in 2012. This is expected to
increase to about 1250 (estimated by International Energy Agency) to 1500
(estimated in the Integrated Energy Policy Report) million toe in 2030
AT &C Losses
In General Reasons of high T&D losses
Generic Reasons of high T&D losses
Technical losses
Inadequate Investments in T&D Infrastructure
Tremendous/haphazard growth of T&D sector to
provide supply to new areas
Large scale rural electrification through LT lines
Many stages of transformation
Improper load management
Inadequate reactive compensation
Poor quality of pumps used in agriculture pumping
in rural areas, coolers, air conditioners and Industrial
loads in Urban Areas
Generic Reasons of high T&D losses
Commercial losses
Making unauthorized extensions of loads.
Tampering the meter readings by mechanical jerks,
placement of powerful magnets or disturbing the
disc rotation with foreign matters.
Willful burning of meters.
Changing the sequence of terminal wiring.
Bypassing the meter.
Changing C.T.ratio and reducing the recording.
Errors in meter reading and recording.
Improper testing and calibration of meters.
Energy
Efficiency Design of
Transformers
Design Stage , Motors,
Acs, Lights
etc
Right
Operating
Operation Conditions
(Voltages,
Frequency etc)
Source: BEE
Source: BEE
Source: BEE
Losses in secondary distribution
When the power reaches the industry, it meets the
transformer.
The energy efficiency of the transformer is generally very
high. Next, it goes to the motor through internal plant
distribution network.
A typical distribution network efficiency including transformer
is 95% and motor efficiency is about 87%.
Another 30 % (Efficiency=70%)is lost in the mechanical system
which includes coupling/ drive train, a driven equipment such
as pump and flow control valves/throttling etc.
Thus the overall energy efficiency becomes 50%. (0.87 x 0.95x
0.87 x 0.70 = 0.50, i.e. 50% efficiency)
Hence one unit saved at the end user is equivalent to two
units generated in the power plant. (1Unit / 0.5Eff = 2 Units)
Concept of Active, Reactive and
Apparent Power
Concept of Active, Reactive and
Apparent Power
Active Power (P) = VI cos (ϕ) kW
Reactive Power(Q)=VI sin(ϕ) kVAR
Apparent Power(S)=VI VA
Power Factor (P.F.)= cos (ϕ)
Power Factor=Active Power/Apparent Power
S2=P2+Q2
Power Factor Correction