HEAT CUNDUCTION MECHANISM

IN NANOFLUIDS

SUBMITTED BY:
ABHILASH P
4KV13ME008
1/23
 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

INTRODUCTION

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer may be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to

another as a result of temperature gradient and it takes place by three modes:

 Conduction : Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to

another part of the same substance, or from one substance to another in
physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of molecules
forming the substance.

• Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one

portion of the fluid with another.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

 Radiation : Radiation is the transfer of heat through space or matter by means

other than conduction or convection. Radiation of heat is thought of as
electromagnetic waves or quanta an emanation of the same nature as light and
radio waves.

NANOFLUIDS
 Nanofluids, which are suspensions obtained by dispersing nanoparticles in
conventional fluids, are the new class of nanotechnology-based heat transfer

fluids.

 Nanofluids generally contain small volumetric quantities (typically less

than 5 vol%) and exhibit thermal properties superior to those of host
fluids or conventional particle fluid suspensions .

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Dept. of Mech.Engg KVGCE, Sullia 4/23

 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
MEASUREMENT
 A two-step technique is commonly used to prepare nanofluids. First, dry
nanoparticles are produced, and the particles are dispersed in a suitable liquid
host.

 Afterwards, the particles will clog and settle at the bottom of the container. An
ultrasonic equipment is generally used to intensively disperse the particles and
reduce the agglomeration of nanoparticles .

 The common techniques to measure the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

include the transient hot-wire method, steady-state parallel plate method,
temperature oscillation method, and 3-ω method.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

 The hot-wire technique is based on a constant heat generation source, which is

an infinitely long and thin continuous line that dissipates the heat into an
infinite test medium; this technique is known to be a fast and accurate method
and has been extensively used.

 Fig also shows that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been reported
to increase with the increase in the thermal conductivity of solid particles.

 Proved that CuO nanofluids had better enhancements in thermal conductivity

compared to the Al2O3 nanofluids, although Al2O3, as a material, has a higher
thermal conductivity than CuO.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Fig:Summary of thermal conductivity enhancement

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

 Particle shape may be an essential factor affecting the thermal conductivity of

nanofluids. Since the first stage of using common nanoparticles such as Al2O3,
SiO2, TiO2, and CuO to produce nanofluids.

 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphite, and graphene are extensively used in

many recent research.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Thermal conductivity of common solids

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

• The commonly used base fluids are deionized (DI) water, ethylene
glycol (EG), and pump oil (PO). Fig shows the thermal conductivity
enhancements of nanofluids versus the thermal conductivities of base
fluids .
• The thermal conductivity enhancement obviously increases with a
decrease in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.
• For example, considering a PO-based Al2O3 nanofluid with 5.0%
nanoparticle loading, the thermal conductivity enhanced by more than
38%, while the corresponding thermal conductivity enhancement was
limited to 22.0% for DI water-based nanofluids .
• Particle size, which includes the powder size and aggregate size, is the
key parameter for the study of heat conduction in nanofluids.

Dept. of Mech.Engg KVGCE, Sullia 11/23

 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

HEAT CONDUCTION MECHANISM AND

MODEL
• The most debated theoretical explanations are the effect of the liquid
molecule nanolayer, the aggregation induced by the Brownian nanoparticles,
and the formative nanoconvection.

• Two common methods are used in EMT(effective medium theory) to treat

the effective transport coefficient of the mixture and composites: Maxwell-
Garnett’s self-consistent approximation (MG model) and the Bruggeman
approach.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

• The MG model fits well for diluted and randomly distributed components
included in a homogenous host medium, where the suspended particles are
isolated and no interactions exist among them.
• The Bruggeman approach with mean field approach is applied to discuss the
interactions among randomly distributed particles.
• For low particle concentration suspension, the predictions of thermal
conductivity from the Bruggeman model and the MG model are identical.
• for high particle concentration suspension or a particle percolation situation,
the discrepancy between the two models increases and the MG model fails
to predict the experimental data, whereas the Bruggeman model fits this
situation well.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Nanolayer of liquid molecules

• Liquid molecules near a solid surface are known to form layered structures
called nanolayer.

Fig: schematic diagram of the basic concept

of nanolayers
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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Brownian motion
• A suspension of nano sized particles is different from that of micro- or
millimeter-sized particles given that the latter is static and the former is
dynamic because nanoparticles are constantly in random motion even
if the bulk fluid is stationary.
• a fundamental difference in the mechanisms of the heat transport in
nanofluids is expected because of the dynamic effects in nanofluids.
The root-mean-square velocity (n) of a Brownian particle can be defined as

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Aggregation of nanoparticles
• Aggregation or clustering is an inherent property of nanoparticles whether
they are in liquid or powder form, resulting from van der Waals forces.
• Experimentally investigated the enhancement mechanism through
thermal conductivity measurements and structural analysis for the same
materials in both liquid and solid states, and the idea that clustering holds
the key contribution for the enhancement was strongly suggested.
• Guided by this insight, Wang et al used graphite flakes as additives and
developed stable graphite suspensions in water and oil to discuss the heat
conduction mechanisms in nanofluids.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Fig: Aggregate of nanoparticles

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

NANOCONVECTION

 The Brownian motion of particles may result in the convection of the

surrounding base fluid , thus, enhancing the thermal conductivity.

 Nanoconvection, as a key contributor is commonly used to estimate the

thermal conductivity of nanofluids.

 Effect of the convection of the liquid near the particles as a result of their
Brownian movement; the Reynolds number and the effective thermal
conductivity of the semi-infinite medium were given as.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

 The evaluated thermal conductivity enhancement could reach several

percent for a 10 nm alumina particle suspended in water and ethylene
glycol.

 Based on this model, effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids

via nano convection has been predicted, and the results showed that
nano convection would be the dominative contributor for the
observed enhancement at a low concentration of ~0.1 vol%.
 While increasing the concentration of nanoparticles the dynamic
contribution of nanoconvection would be reduced, especially for fiber
inclusion.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

Fig: contribution proportion on thermal conductivity enhancement

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

APPLICATIONS

 Heat transfer intensification.

 Electronic applications.

 Transportation .

 Industrial cooling applications.

 Heating buildings and reducing pollution.

 Nuclear system cooling.

 Friction reduction.

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 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

CONCLUSIONS

 Numerous experimental studies showed that dispersing nanoparticles into

conventional liquids can enhance the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.

 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids was found to be dependent on many factors,

such as the nanoparticle material, nanoparticle concentration, particle size and
shape, base fluid, temperature, and chemical additives.

 More experiments are required to confirm this interesting phenomenon and

explain it in theory.

Dept. of Mech.Engg KVGCE, Sullia

22/23
 Heat Conduction Mechanism in Nanofluids

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