AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC COURSE

ISSUED BY : GANZORY

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 Introduction
 This course to be familiar with the
different scanning techniques of
AUT
 To be familiar with different AUT
systems
 To analysis the different defects

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 AUT COURSE
 Introduction to manual ultrasonic
 Introduction to scanning models
 Time of flight diffraction
 Phased array
 Combined techniques
 Interpretation of defects
 Modern AUT technique

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 Introduction to manual ultrasonic
Why use ultrasonic for nondestructive
material testing?

 Ultrasonic frequency ( 0.5MHZ TO 25MHZ )

 Both radiography and ultrasonic tests are
the most frequently for test internal flaws
 Ultrasonic can discover volumetric defect
 Planner defects can easily discover more
than radiography

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 2. Ultrasonic testing tasks
 Detection of reflectors

 Location of reflectors

 Evaluation of reflectors

 Diagnosis of reflectors (reflector

type, orientation, etc.)
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 3. Detection of discontinuities

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 Detection of discontinuities

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 Detection of discontinuities

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 Detection of discontinuities
Angle reflection effect

Fig. 10a Tandem testing: upper zone F

Fig. 10c Tandem testing: lower zone F

Fig. 10b Tandem testing: center zone

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4. Method of testing and instrument technology

Fig. 12 The principle of Fig. 13 Block diagram:

time of flight measurement Pulse Echo Method

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Fig. 16a Initial pulse = Start Fig. 16b after 10 ms

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 Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th
graduation graduation scale graduation

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 Fig. 19a Straight-beam probe: initial Fig. 19b Angle-beam probe: initial
pulse delay pulse delay
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 Fig. 20 Test object with Fig. 21a Discontinuity in Fig. 21b Discontinuity near
discontinuity, display with front of the backwall the surface
flaw echo

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 Fig. 23 Shadowing of the
Fig. 22 A non-detectable Fig. 24 Echo sequence of a
back-wall echo by a larger
near-to-surface discontinuity near-to-surface discontinuity
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near-to-surface reflector 15
 Fig. 25 Dead zone: display, test object
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 Fig. 27 Longitudinal wave

Fig. 29 Transverse wave

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 4.4 Refraction and mode conversion

a = angle of incidence
b = angle of refraction
c 1 = sound velocity in medium 1
c 2 = sound velocity in medium 2

Fig. 30a Refraction and reflection Fig. 30b Refraction and reflection
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Fig. 32a Refraction: 1st critical Fig. 32b Refraction: transverse
angle wave under 45°
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 Fig. 32c Refraction: Fig. 32d Total Fig. 33 Usable range
2nd critical angle, reflection for angle-beam
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surface wave probes in steel
 Fig. 36 TR probe on the test object: CRT with Fig. 37 TR probe on the test object:
backwall echo
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 Thickness measurement

s = sound path [mm]

c = sound velocity [km/s] Fig. 38 Wall thickness
t = transit time [ms] measurement with a digital
thickness gauge in practice

1st Echo = t,
2nd Echo = 2t,
3rd Echo = 3t, etc.

Fig. 39 USK 7: Backwall echo

sequence with a straight-beam probe
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 Thickness measurements

Echo-No Sound path si Scale factor k Skalen-position Ti

i [mm] [mm/scale grad.] [scale grad.]

1 25 10 2.5

2 50 10 5.0

3 75 10 7.5

4 100 10 10.0
Fig. 40 Calibration range: 0-10mm

si = sound path of umpteenth echoes

Ti = scale position of the umpteenth echo
k= scale factor
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 5.1.3 Calibration with an angle-beam probe

Fig. 48 Different probe angels at V1 block

Fig. 47a WB 60-2E on Calibration Block 1

Fig. 49a Sound path in the V1 block without angle reflection

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47b MWB 45-4E on Calibration Block 2 Fig. 49b Sound path in the V1 block with
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angle reflection.
 Fig. 50 Range: 250 mm with a WB 60-2 Fig. 51a Path of a sound wave in a V2
on V1 block block, radius 50 mm

Fig. 51b Path of a sound wave in a V2 Fig. 52 Range: 100 mm calibrated on V2,
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block, radius 25 mm radius 25 mm.
 Fig. 54b Reduced surface distances and x-
Fig. 54a The flaw triangle
value

Fig. 56b The real reflector depth after sound

Fig. 56a The apparent depth
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 6. Evaluation of discontinuities

Fig. 58b Top view with reflector for

Fig. 57 A large reflector in the sound beam
extension.
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 6.2 Evaluation of small discontinuities: The DGS method

Fig. 59 Reflectors with different areas and

their echoes
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The echo heights are proportional to
their area or The echo heights are
proportional to the square of their
diameter.

The echo heights reduce to the

square of their distance
Fig. 60 Reflectors at different depths
and their echoes

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 Fig. 61 Distance amplitude curve of a Fig. 62 Evaluation of a discontinuity
2 mm - disk reflector (F) using evaluation curves.

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 6.4.1 Comparison of echo amplitudes

Fig. 65 Test object with a Fig. 66 Reference block: Fig. 67 References block:
flaw: echo at 80% reference echo at 30%. reference echo to reference
(reference height) height
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 6.4.2 Distance amplitude curve

Fig. 69 DAC of the reference echoes (top) and Fig. 68 Reference block wiht side drilled
with time corrected gain (bottom). holes and resulting echoes
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 Introduction to scanning models


A SCAN

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 SCANNING TYPES

B SCAN

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 SCANNING TYPES

C SCAN

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 SCANNING TYPES

D SCAN
TOFD

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 SCANNING TYPES

P- SCAN

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 Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

 The following main principles

describe TOFD:

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TOFD INTERPRETATION
 Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

1 = transmitted wave
2 = reflected wave
3 = through transmitted wave
4 = diffracted wave at upper crack tip
5 = diffracted wave at lower crack tip

1- lateral wave
2 - diffraction signal at upper crack tip
3 - diffraction signal at lower crack tip
4- back wall reflection

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 Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

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 Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 TOFD INTERPRETATION

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 Phased array

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 Fig. 17a Beam spot at the Fig. 17b Beam spot at the Fig. 18 Backwall echo at
4th scale graduation 8th scale graduation the 8th scale graduation

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 Topic Two
 Details about this topic
 Supporting information and
examples
 How it relates to your audience

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 Topic Three
 Details about this topic
 Supporting information and
examples
 How it relates to your audience

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 Real Life
 Give an example or real life
anecdote
 Sympathize with the audience’s
situation if appropriate

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 What This Means
 Add a strong statement that
summarizes how you feel or think
about this topic
 Summarize key points you want
your audience to remember

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 Next Steps
 Summarize any actions required of
your audience
 Summarize any follow up action
items required of you

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