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Corrosion Boiler
Scale
Boiler Scale
General Corrosion
Produced by an acid attack mainly due to the
presence of CO2 which dissolve in water forming
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Pitting Corrosion
• Dissolved oxygen interacts with boiler component
surfaces, forming “pits” on the metal surface.
• These pits may eventually grow large enough to
penetrate the metal forcing a boiler shutdown.
CO2+H2O <=====>H2CO3
H2CO3 <======> HCO-3 + H+
General Acidic Corrosion
Treatment Processes
• External treatment
• Internal treatment
• Condensate treatment
Softening
HARDNESS
MAGNESIUM CALCIUM
HARDNESS HARDNESS
Caused by magnesium Caused by calcium ions
ions (Mg2+) (Ca2+)
TOTAL HARDNESS
It is the sum of the hardness caused by both
calcium and magnesium ion.
Softening
Cause a coating
to form inside
Food
water heater
processing
Difficulties in doing
the laundry and
dishwashing.
SOLUBLE FORM
HARDNESS
INSOLUBLE
FORM
HARDNESS
Chemical Reaction
Softening
Calcium Bicarbonate
Magnesium Chloride
Sodium Sulfate
Iron Nitrate
Manganese Carbonate
Demineralisation
In the demineralizer, water is treated in two
steps. First, it is passed through the cation ex-
change bed, where the cations (calcium,
magnesium and sodium) are exchanged for
hydrogen ions. The treated water is now free of
cations but is too acidic and cannot yet be used
in the boiler.
In the second step the water passes through the
anion exchange bed where the anions (sulfate,
chloride, carbonate and silica) are ex-changed
for hydroxide ions. The hydrogen and hydroxide
ions react to form water, now suitable for use in
the boiler.
Cation Exchange
Anion Exchange
Mixed Bed Ion Exchange (Polishing)
Softener Regeneration
Cation & Anion exchangers regeneration
Cation & Anion exchangers regeneration
• Oxygen Scavengers
Hydrazine N2H4
Hydrazine sulphate N2H4.H2S4
N2H4+O2----->N2+2H2O
2Na2SO3+02---->2Na2SO4
COMMON BOILER FEEDWATER
CONTAMINANTS
Soluble Gasses
Water smells like rotten eggs: Tastes bad, Found mainly in groundwater, and polluted
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and is corrosive to most metals.
Aeration, Filtration, and Chlorination.
streams.
Deaeration & chemical treatment with Pitting of boiler tubes, and turbine blades,
Oxygen (O2) Corrosion and pitting of boiler tubes.
(Sodium Sulphite or Hydrazine) failure of steam lines, and fittings etc.
Internal Treatment
1-Sodium Phosphate