Who is Jose Garcia Villa?

Jose Garcia Villa

 a Filipino literary critic, painter and has
won international fame as a poet, and
short story writer.
 born on August 5, 1908 in Manila.
 studied in the public schools and at the
University of the Philippines.
 wrote Man Songs, a collection of
controversial poems that was
considered too bold by the University of
the Philippines and became the ground
for his suspension from the said
institution in 1929.
Jose Garcia Villa
- finished his B.A. in 1932 at the University of New Mexico
and completed his M.A. at Columbia University.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIONAL
LITERATURE
- gained both local and international recognition for
his works. He was named as the National Artist for
Literature in 1973 for his many literary
accomplishments.
 a recipient of

1. Guggenheim Fellowship
2. American Academy of Arts and Letters Award
3. Bollingen Fellowship
4. Shelley Memorial Award for Poetry
Jose Garcia Villa
 awarded with the degree of Doctor
in Literature in 1959
 received the Pro Patria Award in
1961
 won the Republic Cultural Heritage
Award for his poems and selected
stories the next year
 received the rank vice-consul of
the Philippine Republic in 1968
Jose Garcia Villa
 received the UP’s highest academic
award, The Doctor of Humane Letters in
June 1973 for his pioneering role in the
development of Filipino literature in
English which he brought almost single-
handedly into the mainstream of world
literature
- his boldly innovative use of the English
language in the creation of poems are
among the most beautiful written in any
language in our time and through which
he infused into Philippine literature the
Jose Garcia Villa
 As a poet, he is known for introducing the
reversed consonance rhyme scheme.
 in this method, the last sounded consonants
of the last syllable, or the last principal
consonant of a word, are reversed for the
corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for light
would be words such as tile, tall, tale, etc.
- also known for his comma poems, where he
employed a comma after every word.
- used the pseudonym Doveglion, which is
derived from dove, eagle, lion.
- died on July 7, 1997.
SHORT STORY
 A fictional account of characters resolving a conflict
or a situation.
 May be based on actual people or events but it is
fictional because it is a product of the writer’s
imagination.
THREE MAIN SECTIONS
1. BEGINNING- the writer provides all the necessary
background information that readers will need to
understand and to enjoy the story.
2. MIDDLE- the writer chronologically relates what
happens to the characters as a result of the conflict
and how the characters react to those events.
3. END- tells the outcome or shows how the central
conflict is resolved
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
1. CHARACTER- refers to an individual in the story,
always has human traits even it is an animal
 Most stories focus on one main character, having or
facing the conflict
 Or stories focus on two main characters, whose
relationship is often the source of the conflict
 The other characters in the story, the minor or
supporting characters either help or hinder the main
character in resolving the crisis.
 In the best stories, characters are colorful, authentic, and
memorable to readers in some way.
 Authors develop characters through narration,
description, and dialogue.
Characterization- the process by which the writer reveals
the personality of a character.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
2. SETTING- the environment in which the
action takes place.
 Like the backdrop of scenery and the props
on a stage set.
 Also includes the time during which the
story occurs.
 It creates a mood- the overall feeling that
the story conveys.
 It might reflect the story’s theme.

For example: A neglected park at sunset

might make a story of suspense more
suspenseful.
Setting
 An author might also plan settings that either
match or contrast with the main character’s
mood.

For example:
A confused character might be lost at sea in a
dense fog
Or
A confused character might be wandering around in
a perfectly ordered formal garden.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
3. PLOT- the sequence of events or happening in a
literary work leading to the outcome or point of the
story.
 tells what happens as the characters meet and
struggle to resolve a central conflict.
Types of Conflict
 Man vs. Himself - the conflict can come from
within a character such as a conflict of
conscience.
 Man vs. Man- the conflict between characters,
such as a conflict between friends
 Man vs. Nature- the conflict between
characters and the outside world, such as a
struggle against the forces of nature
PLOT- made up of a series of incidents that are
related to one another namely:
 Exposition (Introduction)- detailed
information revealing the facts of a plot.
 Rising Action (Problem or Conflict)-
consisting of complications and discoveries
that create conflict
 Climax- the point of greatest dramatic
tension in a literary work; the highest or most
intense point in the development or
resolution.
 Falling Action (Resolution/Denouement)-
the part of story’s plot line in which the
problem of the story is resolved.
 Conclusion- the ending of the story.
PLOT
ILLUSTRATION
Climax

Rising Action
Falling Action

Expositio
n Conclusion
EXPLANATION:

The plot usually begins with an event that

triggers the central conflict. Once the central
conflict is revealed, the plot develops more
quickly, bringing the story to a climax, or high
point, when the conflict is greatest. After
resolving the conflict (or explaining why it
remains unresolved), the story rapidly comes to
an end.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
4. POINT OF VIEW- the position or standpoint
from which a writer tells a story.
TYPES
A. first person point of view- the narrator is a
participant in the action; relates the events as
he or she sees them; and uses the pronouns I,
me, we, us and our.
Example:
He came into the room to shut the windows while
we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was
shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly
as though it ached to move.
-from A Day’s Wait
Types of Point of View
B. limited third-person point of view/ third person
objective- the narrator does not participate in the
action; relates the words and actions of characters but
not thoughts or feelings; uses the pronouns he, she,
they, him, her and them.
Example:
One day, Romeo was recounting for his friends
his love for Rosaline. His friends agreed to a
plan to attend the feast of the Capulets where
Rosaline was expected to make an appearance.
Once there, however, Romeo’s eyes fell upon
Juliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more.
- In this point of view, the narrator can relate two
events happening simultaneously in different places
Types of Point of View
C. omniscient point of view/third person
omniscient-the narrator does not participate
in the action; relates the thoughts and
feelings of all the characters as well as their
words and actions.
Example:
Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Delahanty wanted to
enter into any discussion about their
daughter, Cress. What was the matter with
Cress? What happened to her since she went
away to college? She, who had been open
and loving? And who now lived inside a world
so absolutely fitted to her own size and shape
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
5. THEMES- the central idea or insight or a main idea
of a work of a literature.
 It is not the same as the subject of a work like
ambition, love, etc. It is the idea a writer wishes to
convey about the subject.
 It is the writer’s view of the world or revelation
about human nature
 It may be also different from a moral, which is a
lesson about how to live implied from the outcome
of the story.
 themes may be directly stated or implied.
 However, some short stories aim chiefly to surprise
or entertain readers rather than to give a message.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
6. Dialog- discussions/conversations
between/among characters in the
piece that moves the plot or action
along and tells about the characters’
personalities.
7. Tone- the writer’s attitude toward
the reader, subject, or a character. It is
conveyed through the writer’s choice
of words and details.