saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

saWmlis momnelebeli traqti

Figure 15—1. Schematic structure of a portion of the digestive tract with various
components and their functions. (Redrawn and reproduced, with permission, from
Bevelander G: Outline of Histology, 7th ed. Mosby, 1971.)
Diagram of general organization of the alimentary canal.
Basic mucosal forms in the gastrointestinal tract
H & E Ч 100
Figure 15—2. Surface of the tongue on the region close to its V-shaped boundary,
between the anterior and posterior portions. Note the lymphoid nodules (lingual
tonsil), glands, and papillae.
enis kunTovani qsovili
Tongue, muscle, mid
Tongue, muscle, high
Features of the human tongue and distribution of papillae. a-d, X45
Tongue, filiform and fungiform papillae, with taste buds, high
Diagram and photomicrograph (X640) of a taste bud.
Diagram of a section through an incisor tooth and surrounding bony and
mucosal structures.
Diagram showing the basic organization and structure of enamel rods.
EM of young enamel shows enamel rods cut obliquely. Arrows, boundaries
between adjacent rods. X14,700.
Parts of two adjacent enamel rods are seen at higher magnification. Arrows,
boundary between the two rods. X60,000.
Photomicrograph of a decalcified tooth showing dental pulp and structure of
dentin. X120. Left inset. Longitudinal profiles of the dentinal tubules. X240. Right
inset. Cross-sectional profiles of dentinal tubules. X240.
Diagram comparing the components of the salivon in the three major salivary
glands.
Parotid gland, high
EM of the apical portion of parotid gland serous cells. SV, secretory vesicles; L, lumen; rER, rough
endoplasmic reticulum; G, Golgi apparatus profiles; IV, immature secretory vesicles; JC,
junctional complexes; IC, intercellular space; M, mitochondria. X15,000.
Low-magnification electron micrograph of a mucous acinus. L, lumen; MyC, myoepithelial cell
processes.
Low magnification EM of mixed acini. X6,000.
EM of the sublingual gland prepared by traditional fixation in formaldehyde. X15,000.
Submaxillary gland, high
 saylapavi
Masson's trichrome Ч 9
 saylapavi
Masson's trichrome Ч 9
Photomicrograph of the esophagus. X8.
Photomicrograph of the esophageal mucosa. X240
Photomicrograph of an esophageal submucosal gland. X110.
Esophagus - stomach junction, low
kuWi
SEM of mucosal surface of the stomach. Arrows, mucus. X1,000.
Higher magnification SEM showing the apical surface of the surface mucous cells
that line the stomach and gastric pits. X3,000.
Body of the stomach
H & E Ч 12
Body of stomach: structure of glands
Photomicrograph (x 320) and diagram of gastric glands
Figure 15—11. Photomicrograph of a section of the gastric glands in the fundus of the stomach. Note
the superficial mucus-secreting epithelium. Parietal cells (light-stained) predominate in the mid and
upper regions of the glands; chief (zymogenic) cells (dark-stained) predominate in the lower region of
the gland. MM, muscularis mucosae. PT stain. Low magnification.
Figure 15—12. Photomicrograph of a mucus-secreting surface epithelium (A) and
mucous neck cells intercalated between oxyntic (parietal) cells located in the mid
portion of the gastric gland (B). Abundant capillaries can be seen. PT stain. Medium
magnification.
Stomach, corpus, high
Stomach, corpus, high
Stomach, corpus, high
Figure 15—13. Photomicrograph of the basal portion of the gastric gland in the
fundus. This section shows parietal cells rich in mitochondria and their characteristic
intracellular canaliculi (arrowheads). Chief cells show red secretory granules in their
cytoplasm. PT stain.
Gastric body mucosa
PAS/haematoxylin/orange G TS Ч 200
Figure 15—14. Electron micrograph of an active parietal cell. Note the microvilli (MV)
protruding into the intracellular canaliculi and the abundant mitochondria (M). x10,200.
(Courtesy of S Ito.)
Diagram of a chief cell. Diagram of a parietal cell
Figure 15—16. Diagram of a parietal cell, showing the main steps in the synthesis of hydrochloric acid.
Active transport by ATPase is indicated by arrows and diffusion is indicated by dotted arrows. Under
the action of carbonic anhydrase, blood CO2 produces carbonic acid. Carbonic acid dissociates into a
bicarbonate ion and a proton H+, which is pumped into the stomach lumen in exchange for K+. A
high concentration of intracellular K+ is maintained by the Na+,K+ ATPase, while HCO3— is
exchanged for Cl— by an antiport. The tubulovesicles of the cell apex are seen to be related to
hydrochloric acid secretion, because their number decreases after parietal cell stimulation. The
bicarbonate ion returns to the blood and is responsible for a measurable increase in blood pH during
digestion.
Diagram of parietal cell HCl synthesis.
Figure 15—15. Composite diagram of a parietal cell, showing the ultrastructural differences between
a resting cell (left) and an active cell (right). Note that the tubulovesicles (TV) in the cytoplasm of the
resting cell fuse to form microvilli (MV) that fill up the intracellular canaliculi (IC). G, Golgi complex; M,
mitochondria. (Based on the work of Ito S, Schofield GC. J Cell Biol 1974;63:364.)
Peptic cell - rat
EM Ч 7200
Figure 15—17. Electron micrograph of a section of gastric gland in the fundus of the
stomach. Note the lumen and the parietal cells, containing abundant mitochondria;
chief cells, with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum; and enteroendocrine cells
(closed type), with basal secretory granules. x5300.
Pyloric tomach
H & E Ч 75 s
Stomach, pylorus, high
Photomicrograph of dividing cells in the isthmus of a pyloric gland. X240. Inset.
High magnification of the area indicated by the rectangle showing a dividing cell
in the isthmus. X580.
Gastroduodenal junction - monkey
H & E Ч 12
Pyloric - duodenal junction, low
Pyloric - duodenal junction, high
Pyloric - duodenal junction, high
Figure 15—35. Photomicrograph of the duodenum, showing villi and duodenal glands
in the submucosa. H&E stain. Low magnification.
Duodenum with Brunner's glands, low
Brunner's glands, high
Duodenum
Alcian blue Ч 150
Duodenum
H & E Ч 15
Duodenal epithelium
EM Ч 14 500
Jejunum, low
Jejunum, high
Jejunum with Paneth cells, high
Jejunum with Paneth cells, high
mucosal surface of small intestine
openings located between the bases of the villi that lead into the intestinal
glands (crypts of Lieberkühn).
Figure 15—41. Regeneration of the epithelial lining of the stomach and small intestine.
Note differences in the location of stem cells.
Figure 15—20. Photomicrograph of the small intestine. Note the villi, intestinal
glands, submucosa, muscle layers, and serosa. PT stain. Low magnification.
Enterocytes
EM Ч 56 000
wvrili nawlavi
Figure 15—24. Structure of a microvillus. A cytoskeleton of actin filaments, associated with other
proteins, keeps the shape of the microvillus. The actin filaments are continuous with the
microfilaments of the terminal web (see Chapter 4), which also contains intermediate filaments. Note
that in this location actin filaments have a structural role and are not related to movement, as is
usually the case when these microfilaments are present. To fulfill its supportive role, actin is
associated with other proteins that link the microfilaments to one another, to fibrin, and to the cell
membrane and a specific protein–-villin–-in its tip.
Small intestine - monkey
Duodenum: H & E Ч 20
Small intestine - monkey
Ileum: H & E Ч 16
Figure 15—32. Scanning electron micrograph of the intestinal surface after removal of the mucosal
epithelium, showing the basement membrane. Note that this layer is continuous when covering the
remnants of the intestinal villi but assumes the structure of a sieve when covering the lymphoid
follicles above Peyer’s patches. This configuration permits an easier means for immunogenic materials
to reach underlying lymphoid tissues.
Figure 15—34. Blood circulation (left), lymphatic circulation (center), and innervation (right) of the
small intestine. The smooth muscle system for contracting the villi is illustrated in the villus on the
right.
Intestinal villi and crypts
SEM Ч 100
Intestinal villi and crypts
H & E Ч 150
Intestinal villi
H & E: LS Ч 100
Gastric body mucosa
PAS/haematoxylin/orange G TS Ч 200
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
H & E: TS Ч 400
Colon
TS, H & E Ч 200
Intestinal villi
H & E, TS Ч 300
Intestinal villi
Enzyme histochemical method for alkaline phosphatase Ч 128
Intestinal villi
Carmine perfused Ч 10
Tip of intestinal villus
Thin section: toluidine blue Ч 320
Enterocytes
EM Ч 4540
Figure 15—22. Electron micrograph of an absorptive epithelial cell of the small intestine. Note the
accumulation of mitochondria in its apex. The luminal surface is covered with microvilli (shown in
transverse section in the inset). Actin filaments, sectioned transversely, constitute the principal
structural feature in the core of the microvilli. x6300. (Courtesy of KR Porter.)
Figure 15—23. Electron micrograph of epithelium of the small intestine. Abundant
microvilli at the cell apex can be seen to form the brush border. At the left are 2
lymphocytes migrating in the epithelium. In the center is an enteroendocrine cell (E)
with its basal secretory granules. x1850.
Enterocytes
EM Ч 22 000
Figure 15—25. Lipid absorption in the small intestine. Lipase promotes the hydrolysis of lipids to
monoglycerides and fatty acids in the intestinal lumen. These compounds are stabilized in an
emulsion by the action of bile acids. The products of hydrolysis cross the microvilli membranes
passively and are collected in the cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), where they
are resynthesized to triglycerides. These triglycerides are surrounded by a thin layer of proteins that
form particles called chylomicrons (0.2—1 micrometers in diameter). Chylomicrons are transferred to
the Golgi complex and then migrate to the lateral membrane, cross it by a process of membrane
fusion (exocytosis), and flow into the extracellular space in the direction of the blood and lymphatic
vessels. Most chylomicrons go to the lymph; a few go to the blood vessels. The long-chain lipids
(>C12) go mainly to the lymphatic vessels. Fatty acids of fewer than 10—12 carbon atoms are not
reesterified to triglycerides but leave the cell directly and enter the blood vessels. RER, rough
endoplasmic reticulum. (Based on results of Friedman HI, Cardell RR Jr: Anat Rec 1977;188:77.)
Ileum with Peyer's patches, low
Photomicrograph of Peyer's patches. X40.
Diagrams of an enterocyte in different phases of absorption.
Figure 15—30. Photomicrograph of the basal portion of 2 glands (crypts) of the small
intestine. Note the enteroendocrine cell, Paneth cell, goblet cell, and a cell in mitosis.
Diagram of an enteroendocrine (APUD) cell.
Figure 15—18. Electron micrograph of an enteroendocrine cell (open type) of the
human duodenum. Note the microvilli in its apex. x6900. (Courtesy of AGE
Pearse.)
Schematic diagram showing the distribution of gastrointestinal peptide
hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells in the alimentary canal. CCK,
cholecystokinin; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; GIP, gastric inhibitory
peptide.
Figure 15—31. Electron micrograph from a region of intestine where a lymphoid
nodule is covered by the intestinal mucosa. Note the presence of M cells that form a
special compartment containing lymphoid cells. A macrophage (an antigen-presenting
cell) is also in the compartment. (Courtesy of M Neutra.)
Figure 15—33. Some aspects of immunologic protection of the intestine. A: A condition that is more
frequent in the upper tract, such as in the jejunum. There are many IgA-secreting plasma cells,
scattered lymphocytes, and some macrophages. Note that the lymphocytes in the epithelial lining are
located outside the epithelial cells, and below the tight junctions. B: A condition that is more frequent
in the ileum, where aggregates of lymphocytes are located under M cells. The M cells transfer foreign
material (microorganisms and macromolecules) to lymphocytes located deep in the cavities of the M
cells. Lymphocytes spread the information received from this foreign material to other regions of the
digestive tract, and probably to other organs, through blood and lymph.
Ileum, high
Ileocaecal junction
H&EЧ5
Colon
H&EЧ4
Colon, high
Colon
H & E Ч 100

LS: Alcian blue/van Gieson Ч 80

Colon
TS, Alcian blue/van Gieson Ч 320
Colon
TS, H & E Ч 200
EM of an enteroendocrine cell of the colon. Arrowheads, boundary between the
enteroendocrine cell and the adjacent epithelial cells; BL, basal lamina; . G,
secretory granules; arrows, direction of secretion the across the basal lamina; CT,
connective tissue; C, capillary; M, mitochondria; rER, rough endoplasmic
reticulum; sER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Appendix
H &EЧ5
Photomicrograph of a cross section through the vermiform appendix. X10.
Appendix
H & E Ч 75
Figure 15—38. Photomicrograph of a section of large intestine with its various layers.
Note the absence of villi. M, mucosa; MM, muscularis mucosae; SM, submucosa; ME,
muscularis externa. PT stain. Low magnification.
SEM of the human mucosal surface of the large intestine. X140
Figure 15—40. Electron micrograph of epithelial cells of the large intestine. Note the
microvilli at the luminal surface, the well-developed Golgi complex, and dilated
intercellular spaces filled by interdigitating membrane leaflets, a sign of active water
transport. x3900.
EM of dividing goblet cells. GC, goblet cells; M, mucinogen granules; C,
chromosomes; N, nuclei of nondividing intestinal epithelial cells; L, lumen of the
gland;. CT, connective tissue; E, eosinophil. X5000.
Rectum, high
Rectum, high
Recto-anal junction
H & E Ч 60
Drawing of the rectum and anal canal.
Photomicrographs of anal canal, X10 and X200. SQZ,squamous zone; ATZ, anal
transitional zone; CRZ, colo-rectal zone.
Diagram and SEM of M cells in a lymphatic nodule of the intestine.
Figure 15—37. Photomicrograph of a group of neurons (with large nuclei) and satellite
cells (with small nuclei) constituting a component of the myenteric plexus between 2
smooth muscle layers. Note the red stained collagen fibers. Picrosirius-hematoxylin.
Medium magnification.
Comparison of structure of parts of the gastrointestinal tract
H & E Ч 15
Components of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
H & E Ч 480
EM of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus. SM, smooth muscle; CB, nerve cell
bodies; N, nerve fibers; SC, Schwann cell; BV, blood vessel. X3,800.
Photomicrograph of intestinal glands showing Paneth cells. X240. Inset. High
magnification of the area indicated by the rectangle. X680.