True

or
False???
True or False???

The middle most

layer of the earth is
the core.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The New Year’s Day is

celebrated every 1 day
st

of the year.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The middle of the

solar system is the
sun.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

Pi (Π) has an exact

value of 3.14.

Answer: FALSE
True or False???

The capital city of

China is Macau.

Answer: FALSE
True or False???

The smallest perfect

number is 6.

Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The current president of

our country is Pres.
Ferdinand E. Marcos.
Answer: FALSE
Propositional
Logic
Prepared by:
Mr. Jester G. de Leon
Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
- It is also known as sentential logic or statement
logic.
- It is the branch of logic that studies ways of
joining, and/ or modifying entire propositions,
statements or sentences, as well as the logical
relationships and properties that are derived
from these methods of combining or altering
statements.
Propositional Logic
Definition
A proposition is a declarative sentence
that is either true or false, but NOT both.
If a proposition is true, then its truth
value is true denoted by T; otherwise, it
is false and denoted by F.
Propositional Logic
Notation
Propositions are usually denoted by small
letters such as p and q.

Example
p: Everyone should study logic.
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 1
Determine whether the following statements are propositions
or not. If a proposition, determine its truth value.
r: Bohol is an island in the Philippines. - a proposition
s: The earth is round. - a proposition
t: Find the number which divides your age. - not a proposition
u: Welcome to the Philippines! - not a proposition
v: 3 + 2 = 5 - a proposition
w1: It is not the case the square root of 2 is a rational number. - a proposition
w2: The product of two irrational numbers is always irrational. - a proposition
Propositional Logic
Compound Propositions
• It will rain today and tomorrow.

• You can have cookies or brownies for snacks.

• Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

• If you study hard, then you will get good grades.

• It is not the case that is a rational number.

Propositional Logic
Definition
A compound proposition is a proposition formed
from simpler propositions using logical connectors
or some combination of logical connectors. Some
logical connectors involving propositions p and/or
q may be expressed as follows: not p, p and q, p or
q, if p then q.
Propositional Logic

Note:
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken
down further into other component
propositions.
Propositional Logic
Negation
p1: I am not going to the party.

p2 : 2 + 3 ≠ 1

p3 : This book is not interesting.

p4 : John is not wealthy.

p5 : All prime numbers are not odd.

Propositional Logic

Negation
- The negation of a proposition p denoted by ~p (read as not p)
and is defined through its truth table:

p ~p
T F
F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 2
State the negation of the following propositions.
n1: P(x) = is a polynomial function.
- P(x) = is not a polynomial function.
n2: 2 is an odd number.
- 2 is an even number.
n3: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
- The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.
n4: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
- Not all in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Propositional Logic
Conjunction
Given:

p: It will rain today.

q: It will rain tomorrow.

p and q: It will rain today and it will rain tomorrow.

Propositional Logic
Conjunction
- The conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p ∧ q
(p and q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Propositional Logic

Disjunction
p3: You are going to have cookies or brownies for
dessert.

p4: You are going to get above 90 in math or an average

of 85 on all subjects to have a party.
Propositional Logic
Disjunction
- The disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p ∨ q
(p or q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Propositional Logic

Order of Operations
- Grouping: (), [], {}
- ~
- ∧, left to right
- ∨, left to right
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 3
Determine the truth value of each of the following if
p is true, q is false and r is false.
1. p ∧ ~q Truth Value: True
2. ~p ∨ q Truth Value: False
3. p ∨ q ∧ r Truth Value: True
4. p ∧ (q ∨ q) Truth Value: False
5. ~p ∧ q ∧ (q ∨ r) Truth Value: False
6. (~p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ q) Truth Value: False
7. (p ∨ q) ∧ (~p ∨ ~r) Truth Value: True
Propositional Logic

Some Special Negation

- What is ~(p ∧ q) and ~(p ∨ q)?
Propositional Logic
Some Special Negation
Given:
p: It will rain today.
q: It will rain tomorrow.

* What is ~(p ∧ q)?

= ~p ∨ ~q
* What is ~(p ∨ q)?
= ~p ∧ ~q
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 4
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∧ q ~(p ∧ q) ~p ∨ ~q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 4
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∧ q ~(p ∧ q) ~p ∨ ~q
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 5
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∨ q ~(p ∨ q) ~p ∧ ~q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 5
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∨ q ~(p ∨ q) ~p ∧ ~q
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T T
Propositional Logic

De Morgan’s Laws
~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q
~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q

Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871)

Propositional Logic
Conditional Statements
Math Coach: “If you win the math
contest, I’ll take you
out for pizza."
p: “We win the math contest.”
q: “Coach takes us out for pizza.”
Propositional Logic
Conditional
- The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p → q:
(if p then q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

p → q is also read as “p implies q”

p is the hypothesis and q is the conclusion
Propositional Logic
Related Conditionals
• Conditional (p → q)
If we win the math contest, coach will take us out for pizza.
• Converse (q → p)
If coach takes us for pizza, then we must have won the math
contest.
• Inverse (~p → ~q)
If we don’t win the math contest, then coach won’t take us out
for pizza.
• Contrapositive (~q → ~p)
If coach didn’t take us for pizza, then we must have not won
the game.
Propositional Logic
Biconditional
- The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p ↔ q:
(p if and only if q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Propositional Logic
Order of Operations
- Grouping: (), [], {}
- ~
- ∧, left to right
- ∨, left to right
- →
- ↔
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 6
Construct the truth table for the converse, inverse and
contrapositive of p → q.

p q p → q q → p ~p ~q ~p → ~q ~q → ~p

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 7
Construct the truth table for ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔ q.

p q p → q (p → q) ∧ q ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔
q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 6
Construct the truth table for the converse, inverse and
contrapositive of p → q.

p q p → q q → p ~p ~q ~p → ~q ~q → ~p

T T T T F F T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 7
Construct the truth table for ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔ q.

p q p → q (p → q) ∧ q ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔
q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F F T F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 8
Construct the truth value of the following
propositions.
1. (p ∧ q) → p

2. (~p) → (p ∨ q)

3. (p → q) → (q ↔ p)

4. (~(p ∧ q) ∧ (~p)) ↔ q
Thank You!!!
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