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Maria Cecille Paulasa

Chemical Bonding
 provides the energy necessary to hold
different atoms together as part of a
chemical compound.
 It is a mutual electrical attraction
between the nuclei (protons) of one
atom and the valence electrons of
another atom that binds the atom
together.
Different Properties of
Chemical Bonding
1. Bond Length
 Is the distance between the nucleus of 2
atoms forming the bond.
 It is more correctly known as equilibrium bond
length.
 Follows the expected trend that bonds
between larger atoms are longer and bonds
between small atoms are shorter.
Activity1: Determine whether the bond is long or
short.

1. HCl
2. HF
3. NaCl
4. CaO
5. LiF
2. Bond Energy
 Is the amount of energy involved when
a bond is broken.
 Is the amount released when a bond is
formed.
 Unlike the bond length, the shorter the
bond therefore the stronger the bond
and the longer the bond the weaker
the bond is.
Activity 2: Determine whether the bond is strong
or weak.

6. BeO
7. HBr
8. NaF
9. KI
10. HF
3. Bond Order
 Is the number of chemical bonds.
 It gives an indication of the stability of the
bond.
 is also defined as half the difference
between the number of bonding electrons
and the number of antibonding electrons
Activity 3: Compute for the bond order.

1. C2H4
2. C2H2
Different Types of
Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic Bonding
2. Covalent Bonding
3. Metallic Bonding
Ionic Bonding

 It is the reaction between a metal


and non-metal where in the metal
transfers its valence electrons to the
non-metal due to electrostatic
force in order to make it stable.
Question

What makes the noble


gases so special?
 The answer lies in their closed shell electron
configurations. Because the valence shell of a
noble gas is completely full, it cannot accept
another electron into the shell. The nucleus is
positively charged and pulls on the electron, so
the loss of an electron from a noble gas is
unfavorable.
Octet Rule
 The octet rule states that elements gain
or lose electrons to attain an electron
configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Exceptions of Octet Rule

1. Too Few Electrons - Electron Deficient Molecules


2. Too Many Electrons - Expanded Octets
3. Lonely Electrons - Free Radicals
1. Too Few Electrons - Electron Deficient Molecules

 Hydrogen, beryllium, and boron have too few electrons to


form an octet. Hydrogen has only one valence
electron and only one place to form a bond with another
atom. Beryllium only has two valence atoms, and can only
form electron pair bonds in two locations. Boron has three
valence electrons. The two molecules depicted in this
picture show the central beryllium and boron atoms with
fewer than eight valence electrons.
 Molecules, where some atoms have fewer than eight
electrons, are called electron deficient.
2. Too Many Electrons - Expanded Octets

 Elements in periods greater than period 3 on the


periodic table have a d orbital available with the
same energy quantum number. Atoms in these
periods may follow the octet rule, but there are
conditions where they can expand their valence
shells to accommodate more than eight
electrons.
 Sulfur and phosphorus are common examples of
this behavior.
3. Lonely Electrons - Free Radicals

 Most stable molecules and complex ions


contain pairs of electrons. There is a class of
compounds where the valence electrons
contain an odd number of electrons in the
valence shell. These molecules are known as
free radicals. Free radicals contain at least
one unpaired electron in their valence shell.
In general, molecules with an odd number of
electrons tend to be free radicals.
 Nitrogen(IV) oxide (NO2) is a well-known
example.

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