sense of self. A nation is a population with a certain sense of itself, a cohesiveness, a commonality of attitudes and ideals, and often (but not always) a common language STATE
A State: he government structure of a
nation. A state is a government structure, usually sovereign and powerful enough to enforce its right. (the 50 US states are not states in this sense of word) Which came first, states or nations? Many argue that nations must have developed before states. States are rather artificial creations; they come and go and change form through the centuries. But, in most cases, it was state (government structure) that created their nations around them Example: Zulus of South Africa are not a tribe but an artificially created nation A GOVERNMENT
is the body of people and institutions that
make and enforce laws for a society
anarchy is society without government
anarchy is the absence of government THE ELEMENTS OF NATION Territory: in general, every nation accupies a specific geographical area. The principle of definite boundaries is accepted by all nations Population: every nation/state has people within its borders. Ideally, it should be a population with a sense of cohesion, of being a distinct nationality. Each natin rgards a certain people as its citizens and all others as alliens. A Citizen is a person who has a legal status of being a full member of a particular nation. This status includes being loyal to that nation above all others; reciving its protection; and enjoying the right to participate in its political processes. By the same token, each nation regards any non-citizen as an aliens (a person isneother a citizen nor a national of the nation in which he/she present) THE ELEMENTS OF NATION Independence The nation should also be independent, means that it governs itself as a sovereignty (the full and exlusive legal power to make and enforce laws for particular people in a particular territory) Each nation has supreme lega authority over its own affairs and, in that respect, is fully equal to every other nation (The principle of the sovereign equality of nations) THE ELEMENTS OF NATION Government Each nation has an officially designated set of persons and institutions authorized to make and enforce laws for all people within its territory Unitary Government are those which the national government are legally supreme over regional and local government Federal Government are those in which power is formally divided between the national government and certain regional governments,each of wich is legally supreme in its own sphere THE ELEMENTS OF NATION Nationalism All nation are rooted in nationalism (people’s psychological attachment to a particular nation, based upon a common history, common language and literature, comon culture, and desire for political independence) Many people are more loyal to their nations than to their religions, their social classes, their races, even their families THE ELEMENTS OF NATION Territory, population, government, sovereigny (Miriam Budiharjo) Territory, population, independence, government (Michael Roskin et.al.) THE CRISIS OF NATION BUILDING The process of constructing a nation depends on the success of conducting 5 aspects (identity, legitimacy, penetration, participation and distribution) in the same stages of sequence Identity Crisis
First hurdle in building a nation. People
who previously identified with a tribe, or other subnational group must come to think of themselves as first and foremost citizens of the nation. This does not happen easily, quickly, or automatically LEGITIMACY
A government must cultivate the respect
and willing obedience of its citizens, widespread feeling among the people that the regime’s rule is rightful. Regime with legitimcy problems are prone to overthrow or revolution. Ultimately, no legitimacy means no nation. PENETRATION Related to both identity and legitimacy, the crisis of penetration means the need of the nation to get substantially all the population to obey the government writ. One quick check of penetration; do all areas pay taxes? If not, there is a penetration problem. The regime establishes its rule first in the capital, the slowly extends its rule over the country. Lack of penetration mean that a government can have a law on its books, but much of the country, including some officials, disregard the law PARTICIPATION
People become more aware that they are
being governed, they demand to have a say in their governance. This feeling typically starts with the educated, better- off an prominent people DISTRIBUTION The crisis of distribution is never permanently resolved. It concerns the classic question of “who gets what”. Once the broad masses of citizens are participating in elections, it usually occurs to them that the economic rewards of the nation are unfairly apportioned, and they want to change the distribution of the nation’s income in their favor. The distribution question is never settled, however, because the poorer sector of society always want more welfare, whereas the better off represente by the more conservative parties argue the the welfare state has gotten out of hand, the taxes are too high and benefits too generous