Present simple

We use the present simple to talk about :

Something that is true in the present
I’m nineteen years old.
I’m a student.
He lives in London.
• Something that happens regularly in the present.
• I play football every weekend.
• Something that is always true.
• The human body contains 206 bones.
• Light travels at almost 300 000 kilometers per second.
• We often use adverbs of frequency: sometimes, never, always
• I sometimes go to the cinema.
• She never plays football
• For general truths
• The earth goes around the sun.
• The water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
 Time expressions
• In the morning / spring
• On Monday
• On Monday morning
• At the weekend
• Once/ twice/ three times
• A week / day
 Present continuous / progressive
• We use present continuous to talk about
• Activities at the moment of speaking.
• I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.
• Please, be quiet. The children are sleeping.
• Future plans and arrangements
• Mary is going to a new school next term.
• What are you doing next week ?
• Temporary situations
• I am living in Piura because I study at Udep. ( I am from Chiclayo)
• She is studying English this term.
• Stative verbs
• The following verbs are not usually used in progressive tenses.
• Verbs of the senses:
• See, feel, hear, smell, taste, seem, look, appear, etc.
• Verbs of emotion
• Like, dislike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, etc.
• Verbs of perception and opinions
• Know, mean, think, understand, remember, forget, imagine,hope,
believe, etc.
• Other verbs
• Be, have, own, belong, cost, etc.
Time expressions
• Now, right now, at the moment, today, these days.
• This week / year
• Tonight / tomorrow
• Next week / year
 Past simple
• We use the past simple for actions that started and were completed
at a specific time in the past.
• We bought our house five years ago.
• They played tennis last year.
• I lived in a small house in 1980.
• Paul won a prize last week.
• Habitual or repeated actions in the past
• I always went to bed early when I lived with my parents.
• Completed actions that happened one after the other in the past.
• I made a sandwich, turned on the TV and watched the match.
• The Past Simple of the verb can is could
• The Past Simple of the verb to be is was / were
• I could walk when I was one year old.
• I am ten years old but I was eight two years ago.
• They were in a cave in the morning.
• We were musicians. We were in a band.
 Time expressions
• Yesterday / yesterday morning
• Last night / month/Friday/ summer
• Two days / a week ago
• Sam and I went shopping yesterday.
• Caroline didn’t go to the cinema last week.
• Where did you go on your last holiday?
 Prepositions of time
• At
• At six o’clock / two-thirty
• At noon / at night / at midnight / at the weekend
• At breakfast / at lunch / at dinner
• At fifteen / at the age of twenty
• At the moment, etc.
• In
• in the morning / afternoon
• In April / in summer
• In 2026 / in the 20 th century
• In two hours
• In my spare time
• ON
• On Friday
• On Friday morning / afternoon
• On weekdays
• On 15th May
• Till / until
• 9pm / midnight/ Friday
• During
• The week / night / the winter / my trip
• Before / after
• Lunch / school / work/ midnight
• From … to / till / until
• From Monday to Friday
Materials
• Rubber
• Silk
• Leather
• Polyester
• Denim
• Woollen
Questions
• What are you wearing at the moment ?
• What are your favorite clothes / accesories?
• Where do you buy your clothes?
• Do you wear clothes that are out of fashion?
• What kind of clothes did you use to wear when you were younger?
 Used to
• We use used to to talk about something that happened regularly in
the past, but ( usually) no longer does.
• We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young.
• I used to play marbles.
• We used to play hide and seek.
 Vocabulary
• Popular : liked or enjoyed by many people.
• Famous : known about by many people.
• Usual : that happens or is done most of the time or in most cases.
• Common : not usual , happening often and too many people.
• Normal: typical , usual
• Imagine : to form a picture in your mind of what something might be
like.
• Wonder : to think about something and try to decide what will
happen.
• Think : believe
• Pay ( for something) to give money for goods, services, etc. you have
bought.
• Spend : give money to pay goods or services.
Dialogue 1 : Arranging a meeting between
two people.
• Gary : Hi, Sophie. How’s it going ?
• Sophie: Not too bad, thanks.
• Gary : What do you think of university so far?
• Sophie: It’s great. I’m enjoying.
• Gary : Me, too. Most of my classes are in the mornings, so I have
• got lots of spare time in the afternoons.
• Sophie: Lucky you! Anyway, see you later.
Dialogue 2: discussing life at university
• Neal : Do you want to see a film later?
• Toby : Sorry, I usually go to the gym on Thursdays. What about
• tomorrow?
• Neal : No, I’m doing Spanish this term, and I have got a class on
• Friday evening. I’m free at the weekend, though.
• Toby : OK, then. Let’s say Saturday night.
• Neal: That would be great. How about seeing that new sci-fi film?
• Toby : Sure, why not ? You know I love sci-fi films.
Dialogue 3 : cancelling plans
• Anne : Hey, Lisa. What are you up to?
• Lisa: Nothing much .I’m waiting for my next class.
• Anne: Listen, my sister is coming to visit at the weekend.
• Lisa : Great. I really want to meet her.
• Anne: I know
• Lisa: Does she visit you often?
• Anne : Not really , so this is a good chance for the two of you to meet.
Dialogue 4 : planning an evening out
• Paul: So ,what time are coming over to study tonight?
• Tom: Sorry, but I can’t make it. I’m going to the match tonight.
• Paul. Wow! Those tickets are really hard to find.
• Tom : Yeah, well my sister won two tickets and she doesn’t like rugby
• at all. So, I’m going with my flatmate. Maybe we can study
• tomorrow night.
• Paul : Sure, not problem.
Match the phrases 1-5 from the dialogues
with their synonyms a-e
• 1) How’s it going ? __ a)What are you doing at the moment?
• 2) I’m free. __ b) That’s a good idea.
• 3) Sure, why not __ c) How are you?
• 4) What are you up to? __ d) I haven’t got any plans.
• 5) No , problem __ e) Don’t worry about it.
•
 Vocabulary
• Come over : visit
• Amount : quantity
• Appear : to start to be seen or to be present
• At the beginning of : when a period of time starts.
• Available : able to be bought, used or reached
• Because of : I couldn’t go out because of the rain.
• Charge ( battery)
• Common: the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people.
• Environmental issue : topic about the environment.
Phrases expresing likes and dislikes
• Be a big fan of
• I am a big fan of extreme sports
• Be crazy about
• They are crazy about surfing.
• Be interested in
• My dad is interested in history.
• Be into
• They are really into music.
• Can’t stand
• We can’t stand hot weather.
• Find something horrible / interesting
• I find science interesting
• I don’t mind it (ok)
• It’s nothing special (ok)
• So-so (ok)
• It’s something else (like)
• There’s nothing I like more (like)
• Am not a big fan of ( dislike)
Present perfect simple
• We use the Present Perfect Simple
• Actions that happened in the past, but we don’t mention when
exactly.
• I have travelled to Colombia twice.
• For actions that happened in the past and finished but their results
are obvious in the present .
• I’m tired. I have just finished studying.
• Look, Jerry has broken his leg.
Time expressions
• Always so far
• Ever recently
• Never lately
• Before for
• Once since
• Twice already
• Many times yet
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
• We use the Present Perfect Simple for actions that happened at some
time in the past, but the exact time is not mentioned.
• Helen has visited Cuzco.
• We use the Past Simple for actions that happened at a definite time in
the past and the time is mentioned.
• Helen visited Cuzco last year.
Have / has gone have / has been
• Have / has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still
there.
• Beth has gone to the shopping center. ( she is still there)
• Have / has been means that someone has visited a place but has
come back.
• Ian has been to the shopping center.
• Since for
• January two months
• 2010 a while
• Yesterday a decade
• My childhood three hours
Complete the sentences with the correct
Present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
• Susie _____ the new Bond film five times in the cinema(see)
• I ________ of that band ( not hear)
• __________ a marathon ?( you / ever / run)
• I ___________ to a carnival twice.(be)
• ____________ your leg ? ( you / ever / break)
• She’s nervous because she __________ a horse before ( not ride)
• _________ any climbing before? ( you/ do )
• I ________ all over the world. ( work)
• __________ music from the internet? ( you/ ever / download)
•
Use Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple
• Where is your key ? I don’t know. I _________ it . ( lose)
• I ______ very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)
• Susan ____________ to Australia for a while but she´s back again
now. (go)
• Where is Ken ? He __________ out. He´ll be back in about an
hour.(go)
• I did Italian at school but I ________ most of it. (forget)
• I meant to phone Diane last night but I _______ (forget)
• Look! There´s an ambulance over there. There _______ an
accident.(be)
• They´re still building the new road. They ______ it ( not finish)
• Is Helen still here? No, she _________ out. (just go)
• The police ____________ three people but later they let them go.
(arrest)
 vocabulary
• Advise : to tell someone that they should do something.
• Apologise : to say sorry for something bad you have done.
• Apologise for
• Congratulate : to tell someone that you are happy about something
good that they have done.
• I congratulated Lulu on passing her exam.
• Turn out : to happen in a particular way or to have a particular result
especially an unexpected one.
• Stand out : to be very easy to see or notice.
• The bright green letters really stand out on the page.
• Our candidate stood out from the rest.
• Take up : to start doing a particular job or activity.
• I’ve taken up knitting.
Present Perfect Simple

• Since / for
• We use the Present Perfect with for and since for actions that started
in the past and continue up to the present.
• Since + a point in time
• It refers to the time when the action started.
• I’ve had this car since 2012.
• For + a period of time
• It refers to the duration of the action
• I’ve had this car for seven years.
Present Perfect Simple + since +past simple

• To indicate when an action which started in the past and continues up

to the present started.
• Anna has worked here since she moved to this city.
• I haven’t eaten anything since this morning.
• Tom and Tim have played tennis since their childhood.
Complete the sentences with for or since
• I’ve known Susie since we were at primary school.
• She’s live in London ___________ years!
• We haven’t had this car _______ last summer.
• They’ve worked here ______ 2005.
• I’ve had this watch _______ two years.
• He hasn’t seen his brother ______ nearly a year.
Yet / already
• Yet is used only with the question and negative form of verbs. It is
placed at the end of the sentence. It is used to talk about something
that has not happened but will probably happen soon.
• Have you finished yet?
• He hasn’t arrived yet.
• Already is used with the affirmative and question form of the verbs. It
is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb, or at the end of
the sentence for emphasis. It is used to emphasise that something
has happened before now.
• I haven’t eaten anything _____.
• We have ______ taken the pet.
• Has Sam watched TV ___ ?
• They have ________ ordered what they are going to eat.
• Have Carol and Tim cleaned the house _______ ?
• I’ve already seen that film.
• You’ve finished eating already!
Adjectives to describe people
• A bossy person likes telling others what to do all the time.
• An outgoing person is friendly, and enjoys meeting other people.
• An easy-going person is relaxed and happy, and not easily upset, annoyed or worried.
• A selfish person doesn´t think about other people´s feelings or needs.
• A confident person feels sure about what he/she can do.
• A quick-tempered person gets angry quickly, without having a good reason.
• A trustworthy person is someone you can trust and rely on.
• A stubborn person doesn´t change his/her opinion easily.
• A forgetful person often forgets things.
• An optimistic person is very positive and expects good things to happen.
•
• Moody : their moods change suddenly and they become angry or
unhappy easily.
• Cheerful: happy and positive in feeling or attitude.
 Quantifiers
• Some + uncountable/ plural countable nouns
• In affirmative sentences and in questions when we offer something or ask
for something politely.
• There is some orange juice in the fridge.
• Would you like some chips?
• Could I have some coffee?
• Any+uncountable / plural countable nouns
• in questions and negative sentences.
• Is there any orange juice in the fridge?
• There aren´t any chips on the table.
• No( = not any) + uncountable / plural countable nouns.
• In affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning.
• There is no cheese in the fridge = there isn´t any cheese in the fridge.
• many / much / a lot (of) / lots (of)
• Many + plural countable nouns mainly in questions and in negative
sentences.
• How many people were at the meeting ?
• I didn´t see many people fropm work there.
Complete the sentences with any or no
• The effects of war in a big city
• There’s _____ electricity
• There isn’t ________ clean water.
• There are ______ anaesthetics at the hospital.
• There isn’t ______ food in the shops.
• My car’s broken down. Are there _____ trains to London?
• No, There are _______this evening. I’m afraid.
• Are there _______ buses ?
• I’m afraid not. There are ______ buses after 6pm.
• Can I stay here tonight ? Have you got ___ rooms?
• Yes, no problem. Do you want to eat? We’ve got _____ sandwiches
left.
• Yes, I’ll have _____ sandwiches.Can I have ______ change for the
phone?
• Much +uncountable nouns mainly in questions and negative
sentences.
• How much sugar do you need?
• I didn´t manage to learn much information from him.
• A lot (of) / lots (of) + uncountable / plural countable nouns. Mainly
in affirmative sentences.
• There were a lot of people at the meeting.
• Have some more food. There´s lots of pasta left.
(a) Few / (a) little
• (a) few +plural countable nouns: a few has a positive meaning
whereas few has a negative meaning.
• I need a few more things from the supermarket.
• Very few people agreed with him.
• (a) little +uncountable nouns : a litttle has a positive meaning
whereas little has a negative meaning.
• There´s still a little cake left. Have some.
• There´s very little time left. Hurry!
• We spent too many / much money on our last holiday.
• Don´t worry we have much / a lot of time.
• Did much / many people come to your party ?
• I don´t usually drink many / much beer.
• It didn´t take many / much affort to repaint the house.
• We haven´t got many ¨/ much petrol. We need to stop and get some.
• We had a lot of / much rain last summer.
Relative pronouns ( who, which, that) Relative
adverb(where)
• We use who and that for people ( that is informal)
• We use which and that for things, animals and ideas.
• We use where for places.
• Examples :
• The woman who is driving that sports car is my aunt.
• Ken is the man that saved my life.
• The teacher who I like the most is Mrs Robbins.
• The bag that is on the table is mine.
• The film which I watched last night is terrible.
• The place where I live is beautiful.
• We can omit who , which and that when they refer to the object of
the verb.
• The girl ( who / that) we saw on the bus is my cousin.
• The car ( which / that) I bought last year is really modern.
• The course ( which / that ) I took last term was really demanding.
• The dog ( which / that ) Pamela sees in the park every day looks sick.
Guess
• It is stuff ( that) we eat in summer.
• He is the person who arrests criminals.
• It is the place where most children go every day to learn.
• She is the woman who helps the doctor in the hospital.
• It is the thing which you see in the cinema.
• It is the place where you become a professional.
Complete the sentences with who,
whose,which or where
• 1) Chicago was the place ______ Philippe Petit made his famous walk.
• 2) A documentary is a TV programme _____ gives factual information
about a topic.
• 3) The journalist _____ made the film Supersize Me is called Michael
Moore.
• 4) The translations ____ appear onscreen during a film are called subtitles.
• 5) The address _____ the French President lives is Number 20 , Champs-
Elysees, Paris.
• 6) Russell Crowe is an actor from New Zealand____ most famous film role
was probably as the star of Gladiator.
Adjectives describing food.
• Bitter : unpleasant taste.
• Bland : not having a strong taste.
• Creamy : like cream or containing cream.
• Crispy : crispy food is hard enough to be broken easily.
• Disgusting : extremely unpleasant or unacceptable.
• Fresh : ( food or flowers) in a natural condition rather than artificially
preserved by a process such as freezing.
• Juicy : contain a lot of juice and are enjoyable to eat.
• Mouth-watering : having a very good appearance or smell that makes
you want to eat.
• Spicy : containing strong flavours from spices.
• Salty : tasting of salt.
• Sweet : having a taste similar to that of sugar ; not bitter or salty.
• Greasy : covered with or full of fat or oil.
A lot of nouns are formed by adding a suffix
(e.g –ion, -ation ) to a verb.
• Verb noun
• React reaction
• Install installation
• Create creation
• ______ information
• ______ exhibition
• ______ invention
• ______ cancellation
• ______ invitation
• ______ discussion
• ______ imagination
• ______ pollution
• Sculpture
• Painting
• Photography
• Jewellery making
• Potttery
• Knitting
• Which of them do you consider forms of art?
• How creative are you ?
• Would you like to take up any of these activities as a hobby ? Why ?
Why not ?
Past progressive
• I/she/he/it was walking.
• We/you/they were walking.

• I/she/he/it wasn’t walking.

• We/you/they weren’t walking.
• We use the past progressive :
• For actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past.
• I was watching TV at 7 o’clock yesterday evening.
• To describe a background scenes to a story .
• Jill was walking in the forest and it was raining.
• For actions that were happening at the same time in the past. In this
case, we usually use while.
• While I was watching TV, my father was cooking.
Past simple vs Past Progressive
time clauses( when,while,as, as soon as)
• We use the Past Progressive and the past simple in the same sentence
when one action interrupted another in the past. We use the past
progressive for the longer action and the past simple for the shorter
action. In this case we usually use while , when or as.
• As / while I was driving, I saw a cat in the street.
• I was sleeping when the telephone rang.
• We use as soon as with the past simple.
• As soon as they left. We started cleaning the up the house.
• I ________ (work) in a school in New York when I _______ (meet) my
girlfriend.
• They _______ (drive) the family car when they ________ (see) the
accident.
• He _______ ( not / break) his arm while he ________ ( play) rugby. He
_______ (fall) down the stairs.
• The phone rang while ______ (listen) to my mp3 player and I ____ (
not hear) it.
• I think I ________ ( see) you yesterday in the station. ________
(wear) a blue shirt ?
• Susan ________ (walk) through the park when the storm ______
(begin).
 vocabulary
• At the same time
• Aware of : conscious
• Update : to make something more modern or suitable for use now by
adding new information or changing its design.
• Couch potato : lazy person
• Post (on the Net) : something such as a message or picture that you
publish on a website or using social media.
• Background: the conditions that existed before a particular event
happened, and that help to explain why it happened.
• Rise : to move upwards.
• Exhausted : tired
• Try something out : to see if something works well.
• Realise: to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly (become
aware)
phrases
• Anyway, enough about me. I can’t believe it!
• Are you serious? I’m looking forward from hearing
• Congratulations! from you.
• Get out of here! Sorry, I didn’t reply sooner
• Good for you Sorry, I haven’t written fo so long
• Guess what! Unbelievable!
• How interesting! Waiting for your reply
• How lucky! What a surprise!
• What have you been up to?
• What wonderful news!
• You’re kidding!
• I get bored easily. The lesson was boring.
• I feel tired.
• Your job is tiring. You work overtime.
• -ed adjectives

• Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions – they tell us how people
feel about something.

• I was very bored in the maths lesson. I almost fell asleep.

• He was surprised to see Helen. She’d told him she was going to
Australia.
• Feeling tired and depressed, he went to bed.
• -ing adjectives

• Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion – a boring lesson
makes you feel bored.

• Have you seen that film? It’s absolutely terrifying.

• I could listen to him for hours. He’s one of the most interesting people I’ve ever met.
• I can’t eat this! It’s disgusting! What is it?
• Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people feel bored.

• He talks about the weather for hours. He’s so boring.

• NOT I was very boring at the party so I went home.
• You look really (tired/tiring). Why don't you go to bed?

• Sit down - I've got some very (excited/exciting) news for you.

• He's got a very (annoyed/annoying) habit of always interrupting people.

• I'm very (disappointed/disappointing) by your behaviour.

• Kids! You're (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk with your mouths full!

Vocabulary
• Seatbelt
• Windscreen
• Headlights
• Boot
• Spare tyre
• Steering Wheel
• Engine
• Passenger seat
• Number plate
Plan: a story
• Introduction
• Describe the setting of the story(time, place,weather,etc) and
introduce the main characters.
• Main part
• Mention what happened, what the characters did, saw, heard, etc.
and how they felt.
• Conclusion
• Describe what happened in the end and how the characters felt.
Adverbs and adverbial phrases
• When narrating it is a good idea to use adverbs an adverbial phrases.
• Suddenly : all of sudden
• Fortunately : luckily
• Unfortunately: unluckily
• Amazingly: to one’s surprise
• Immediately : at once
• Then: after that
• Finally: in the end
• 1. We have got quite few/ a little/ a few friends there.

• 2. Would you like to try little/ a little wine?

• 3. His theories are too complex that only few/ little/ a few people understand them.

• 4. You don’t need to go shopping. We have got few/a few/ little/a litgtle eggs and some rice.

• 5. Very few/ a few / little people can speak a foreign language perfectly.

• 6. Few / a few politicians are really honest.

• 7. ‘Would you like some more soup?’ ‘Just a few/ a little / little, please.’

• 8. Give the roses a little/ little / a few water every day if you don’t want them to die.

• 9. We have got little /a little/ few / a few steak if you are really hungry.
Past perfect
• I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they had worked
• had written
• We use the past perfect simple for an action which took place before
a specific point of time or another action in the past. The second
action is in the Past Simple.
• She had finished her homework by 8 o’clock.
• The train had left by the time we arrived at the bus station.
Time expressions
• Before + point in time
• By+ point in time
• Before, after , when, by the time
• When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
• When she got home last night, she found that somebody had broken
into the flat.
•
• By the time we got to the restaurant, I hadn’t eaten all day.
Read the situations and write sentences from
the words in brackets.
• You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. ( she /go out)
• You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the
same as before. ( it / change /a lot)
• I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.
• (She/ arrange/ to do something else)
• You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
• ( the film / already /begin)
• I was pleased to see Tim again after such a long time.
• ( I / not/ see / him for five years)
• I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.
• ( she / just / have breakfast)
• The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
• (fly) He had never flown before / he hadn’t flown before.
• A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
• (see) I _________ before.
• Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first
game.
• (Play) he _______ before
• Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.
• (be) We _______ before
Complete each sentence with one verb in the past
simple and one verb in the past perfect simple.
• I _____ ( want) to read something, but I _____ ( pack ) my book.
• She ____ ( decide) to buy the bag she ______ ( see) the day before.
• When I _____(arrive) at the airport, I realized I ______ ( miss) the plane.
• As soon as I _____ (close) the door, I remembered I _____ (leave )my keys
inside.
• After I _______ ( eat) my breakfast, I ______ ( feel ) better.
• When I ____ (see) the exam question, I realized I _____ (not study)
enough.
• When she ______ (try) to pay for something in the shop, she realized
______ she ( forget) her credit card.
Vocabulary
• Set off : to start on a trip
• Unbearable : too painful or unpleasant for you to continue to experience.
• Catch up with somebody : If something bad that you have done or that has been happening to
you catches up with you, it begins to cause problems for you, reach somebody.
• His lies will catch up with him one day.
• Manage : to succeed in doing or dealing with something, especially something difficult:
• [ + to infinitive ] Did you manage to get any bread?
• I only just managed to finish on time.
• A small dog had somehow managed to survive the fire.
• I can't manage all this work on my own.
• Don't worry about us - we'll manage!
• mainly UK I'm afraid I can't manage the time (= to find enough time) to see you at the moment
 vocabulary
• Explore : to travel to or around an area or a country in order to learn about
it.
• Discover : to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or
thing exists.
• Invent : to produce or design something that has not existed before.
• Arrive (at / in ): to get to a place, especially at the end of a journey.
• Get : to arrive at or reach a place .
• Succeed : To achieve something that you have been trying to do or get.
• Manage : to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult.
• Wagon
• Supplies : an amount of something that is ready to be used.
• A supply of water
• Food supplies
• Bury : to put a dead body into the ground.
• Weak : not strong
• Check in : to show your ticket at an airport so that you can get your
seat number.
• Aisle seat : a passage between the lines of seats in a plane, church,
theatre, etc.
• Window seat : a seat on a train, aircraft, or other vehicle, especially a
public one, that is next to a window.
• Coveyor belt :
• Check-in desk
• Boarding pass
• Parking space
• Reverse
• Crash into
• Pick something up
• Slam on the brakes
• Take somebody’s licence away
• How unlucky!
• Is everything all right?
• Is there anything I can do to help?
• It’s my own fault
• Go / run through a red light
• What’s the matter?
• You should know better than that.
• What do you think you’re doing?
• Watch where you’re going
Can /could/may/will/would
• We use Can I..? Could I ..? May I..? To ask for permission.
• May I go to the bathroom?
• Can/ Could/ May I go out tonight?
• Yes, you can/ may
• No, you can’t.
• We use Can I …? Could..I? May I…? To offer help and make requests.
• Can / May I help you ?
• Can/ Could/ May I have some more cake?
• We use Can/ Could / Will / Would you …? To make polite requests
and ask for a favour.
• Could and Would are more polite.
• Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you lend me your laptop?
Should / Shouldn’t
• We use should / shouldn’t +base form of the verb
• Ask for and give advice
• What should I do ? Should I see the doctor?
• Express an opinion
• I think she should tell her mum about it.
• Make a suggestion
• We should go to the park. It’s a beautiful day.
• Should refers to the present or the future
Had better
• We use had better +base form of the verb to give strong advice. It
often expresses a threat or warning and it is stronger than should. It
refers to the present and future , not the past. its negative form is had
better not
• In spoken English the short form is commonly used (I’d better, you’d
better, etc.)
• You’d better ask a doctor about it.
• You’d better not lie to me again.
• Land
• Take off
• Arrival
• Departure
• Check-in agent
• Luggage
• Flight attendant
• Delay
• Insurance
• Airline
• Awake
• Deal with
• Dizzy
• Empty
• enjoyable
• Have difficulty
• Jet lag
• Pack
• Plenty of
• Breathtaking:
• extremely exciting, beautiful, or surprising.
• The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking.
• Historic
• Hospitable
• Ideal
• Impressive
• peaceful
• Attract
• Attraction
• Unforgettable
• Unique
• Well-known
• ferry
Writing: a description of a place
• Introduction
• Give some general information about the place( name, location,most
interesting features)
• Main part
• Mention some of the sights but don’t just list them. Try to give some
information about each sight. Use phrases like :
• One of the most interesting / well known places is
• There’s also…
• Another place worth visiting is ..
• …also attracts many tourists.
• …is another top attraction
• You can also visit…
• Don’t forget to visit
• Mention what visitors can do there. Use phrases like :
• You can…
• Don’t leave without
• Another thing you can do is…
• You should also…
• Conclusion
• Give general opinion of this place
Pictures to describe
Answer these questions
• 1) What are you wearing?
• 2) What are your favourite clothes / accessories at the moment?
• 3) Do you wear clothes that are out of fashion?
• 4) What kind of clothes did you use to wear when you were younger?
• 5)Tell me about you
• 6) Have you ever travelled by plane?
• How many times?
• Where did you go?
• Who did you go with?
• Have you ever met a famous person?
• Where were you?
• What did you say?
• Did you take a photo together?
• How many hours a day do you spend using social media?why?
• Who do you usually talk on the phone with?
• Describe a dish you like.
• What is your favorite restaurant?Why? Who do you go with?
• How often do you go to museums?
• Do you like paintings? Why?
• Do you have any hobby? Do you like birdwatching?
• Have you ever have an accident? A broken leg? Strained wrist?
• What did you do?
• Can you drive? Do you have a driving license? Do you think that
driving is dangerous?
• Tell me a story
• Where do you go on holidays? Describe the places
We use the Future will for
• Offers.
• I´ll help you with everything.
• Promises.
• I´ll promise i´ll be there for you.
• Requests.
• Will you do me a favour?
• On-the-spot decisions.
• Fine, I´ll meet you in one hour.
Predictions with the verbs think and believe
• I think he will be a great businessman one day.
• Time expressions
• Tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week / month,
• In an hour/ week , etc.
Time Clauses
• Time clause begin with when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc.
• When the sentences refers to the future, we usually use the Present
Simple in the time clause and the Future will in the main clause.
• TIME CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
• As soon as I know, I´ll tell you
• Before, I leave, I´ll help you with the housework
Predictions with be going to
• It is going to rain.
• She is going to have a baby.
• He is going to fall.
• The dog is going to attack the child.
• Robots will control our lives.
• Cars will fly in the future.
• Children will study with holograms.
• People will live in Mars.
Expressions with make
• Make a decision
• Make a difference
• Make a mistake
• Make a prediction
• Make a promise
• Make money
• Make plans
• Make sense
• Advertisement : informal ad, UK also informal advert a picture, short film, song, etc. that
tries to persuade people to buy a product or service, or a piece of text that tells people
about a job, etc.:
• Allow : to give permission for someone to do something, or to not prevent something
from happening:
• Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party?
• You're not allowed to talk during the exam.
• Her proposals would allow (= make it possible for) more people to stay in full-time
education.
• The loophole has allowed hundreds of drink-drivers to avoid prosecution.
• The government has refused to allow foreign journalists into the area for several weeks.
• Prisoners have been moved to allow the demolition of part of the prison.
• Pets aren't allowed in this hotel.
• Guarantee: a promise that something will be done or will happen,
especially a written promise by a company to repair or change a product
that develops a fault within a particular period of time.
• Owe : to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent
money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you:
• [ + two objects ] I owe Janet $50.
• We still owe $1,000 on our car (= we still need to pay $1,000 before we
own our car).
• I owe you a drink for helping me move.
• I think you owe (= should give) me an explanation/apology.
• Regret : a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about
a mistake that you have made, and a wish that it could have been
different and better:
• I left school at 16, but I've had a great life and I have no regrets.
• The manager expressed deep regret at/for the number of staff
reductions.
• We think, much to our regret (= and we are very sorry about this),
that we will not be able to visit you next year.
Be able to
• We usually use can to express ability in the present.
• The baby can speak.
• We usually use could to express ability in the past.
• I could climb tres when I was young.
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in
tenses where we cannot use can.
• Was able to / were able to expresses ability in a particular situation
in the past.
• Jack will be able to play football on Saturday.He’s feeling better.
We use could for general abilities
• I could ride my bike when I was a child.
• Caroline could swim very fast in her early twenties.
• My grandmother could speak a lot of foreign languages.
We use was able to / were able to for specific
occasion
• The candidate was able to convince the people in the last elections.
• Everyone was able to escape from the fire.
• Sam was able to finish the exam in twenty minutes.
• The rescue team was able to save the boy who fell into the river.