Evaluation of Water Losses in Unlined

Canal: A Case Study of Malik Branch

Canal, Bahawalnager, Pakistan

ADNAN AHMAD KHAN

MCE 163012

Supervisor
Dr. Engr. ISHTIAQ HASSAN
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 Research Motivations
The conservation of water is becoming
increasingly important as the demand for this
vital natural resource continues to rise rapidly
and new sources of supply are going to be rare.
Thus, there are growing concerns over water
losses in agricultural systems and studies
concerning the conservation of this natural
resource with its wide application become
eventful.
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 Literature Review
Sr. Journal/Year Article Area of
Author of Publication Methodology Findings Remarks
# Name study

by using “FLOW 1) Decrease

Design and
Journal of Dadu MASTER” seepage losses
Ashfaque Evaluation of Evaporation
Water Canal, software 40% to 50%.
A. Dadu Canal losses not
1 Resource and Dadu, decrease the 2) Conveyance
Memon Lining for evaluated
Protection Sindh, cross-section of efficiency
Sustainable separately.
(2013) Pakistan canal by design a increase 70% to
Water Saving
lined canal. 90%.

Estimation of
Seepage by
Comparative Fordwah The canal
1) Ponding
evaluation of canal,
Alam and measurement seepage losses Evaporation
Agricultural canal Bahawal losses not
2 Bhutta method. varying from
Water seepage nager, evaluated
2)Inflow–out 9.76 to 20.39 separately.
Management investigation Punjab,
flow cm/day.
(2004) techniques Pakistan
measurement
method. 3
 Literature Review
Journal/Year
Sr. Article Area of
Author of Methodology Findings Remarks
# Name study
Publication
Estimation of
Evaluation Research
International Seepage by
of seepage farm of 1) Seepage losses
Journal OF 1) Ponding
Ahuch losses in an permanent are obtained Evaporation
Engineering measurement
aogu, I. earth lined campus of 0.29m3/hour for losses not
3 Sciences & method.
Israel canal: A case the the unlined and evaluated
Management 2) Inflow–out
study of University 0.05m3/ hour for separately.
Research flow
university of of UYO, lined canals.
(2015) measurement
UYO farm NIGERIA
method.
1) Inflow– 1) Saving of
Impact of outflow irrigation water
Abu
Scientific lined canal measurement 37% by pre-cast
sayed, Dhaka and Evaporation
Journal of on shallow method. lining of canal.
Md. Rangpur losses not
4 Krishi tube well 2) Economic 2) The benefit
Afzal districts, evaluated
Foundation irrigation analysis. cost ratio (BCR)
hosain Bangladesh separately.
(2014) and their 3) Acceptability 3.34 to 4.28 for
acceptability of lined canal by pre-cast lined
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the farmers. canal.
 Problem Identification
The water losses affect the operation and maintenance of
the canals in the sense that part of the water diverted for
the users is lost from the conveyance system, and at the
same time this water might produce,
• Piping.
• Erode the bank of the canal.
• Produce excessive saturation.
• Uplift pressure.
So there is necessity to evaluate the water losses in any
canal specially unlined canals, to overcome these problems.
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 Overall Objective & Specific Aim
• There is no quantitative assessment of water losses
in Malik Branch Canal being made by any observation
or collection of data. There is however, a general
awareness that some percentage of the initial flow is
lost by seepage and some by evaporation.

• To do field observation for estimation of water losses

from this branch canal.

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 Scope of Work & Limitations

• Measurement and evaluation of water losses

in Malik Branch canal by using the data and
measurement include evaporation, wind,
precipitation and temperature.
• No specific instrumentation is to be done for
measurement of seepage. Seepage losses will
be calculated as balance of inflow-outflow
discharge and evaporation losses.

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 Methodology
Site Selection:
Name of canal: Malik Branch.
Elevation: 162 m to 156 m.
Temperature: 0 ˚C to 50 ˚C.
Average Precipitation: 150mm to 200mm.
Data Collection & Measurement:
• Discharge: From Irrigation department and on site measurement.
• Cross-sectional data.
• Temperature, Wind and Precipitation data.
• Data frequency: @ 2 days.
• Evaporation measurement.
• Seepage measurement. 8
 Methodology
Ponding loss method:
• This method consists of construction of a temporary water tight dyke of
bulk head across the canal. The canal above the dyke is filled with water
to a certain measured level.
• After allowing the water to stand for some time, the level of water in
the canal is recorded. Any drop in the level is clearly due to seepage and
evaporation through the section of canal.
• In running canal, ponding loss method cannot be applied for
measurement of water losses.
Inflow–out flow loss method:
• This method involves measuring the amount of water flows into a
channel at inlet of the section and amount which flows at outlet of the
section when no water is being usefully directed between the two
measuring points.
• The loss is the difference of flow between these two measured points.
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 Requirements

• Research Papers required from the

University library for literature review.
• Data from Punjab Irrigation Department.
• Continuous guidance from supervisor.

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 Research Outcome
• Intended journal article.
Khan, A.A., and Hassan I. (2019). Evaluation of Water
Losses in Malik Branch Canal Punjab, Pakistan. “Journal
of Water Resource and Protection.”
• Intended conference article.
Khan, A.A., and Hassan I. (2019). Water Losses
Measurement in Unlined Canal. “World Environmental
& Water Resources Congress.”

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 Work Plan
Summer
Fall 2018
2018
weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Task
Registration and
Supervisor Allocation

Reserch Proposal

Literature Review

Final Term
Field work

Mid Term
Data compilation and
processing

Research Paper and

Thesis write up

Thesis submission
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Final Defense/ Viva (As per University)
 References
 Abu sayed, Md. Afzal hosain (2014) “Impact of lined canal on shallow tube well irrigation
and their acceptability” Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation,
 Ahuchaogu, I. Israel, Imeh Etim and Anwana, E. Etim (2015) evaluation of seepage losses in
earthen lined canal.’’ International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Management
Research, ISSN: 2349-6193.
 Akkuzu, E. (2012). “Usefulness of Empirical Equations in Assessing Canal Losses through
Seepage in Concrete-Lined Canal.” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 138, 455-460.
 Alam, M. M. and Bhutta, M. N. (2004). “Comparative evaluation of canal seepage
investigation techniques.” Agricultural Water Management, 66(1), 65-76.
 Arshad, M., Ahmad, N., Usman, M., Shabbir, A. (2009). “Comparison of Water Losses
between Unlined and Lined Watercourses in Indus Basin of Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal
Agricultural Science, 46(2), 280-284.
 Ashfaque A. Memon et al. (2013). ‘’ Design and Evaluation of Dadu Canal Lining for
Sustainable Water Saving ’’ Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 5,689-698.
 OFWM, (2012). “Punjab Irrigated productivity improvement project.” PC-I On Farm Water
Management Wing, Punjab.
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Thank you

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Any Question?

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