PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Psychology
•derived from the latin word “ psyche” which means SOUL.
•study the behavior, mind and thought.
•determines a person’s behavior and thinking.
Psychological Perspective Influencing Curriculum and their
Proponents
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
• Pavlov
•Wertheimer
•Skinner
•Kohler
•Thorndike •Miller
•Bandura •Craik
•Tulving
•Ausubel
Curriculum

Constructivism
•Bruner Humanism
•Piaget •Maslow
•Vygotsky •Rogers
•VonGlaserfe •Combs
Behaviorism
Wilhelm Wundt
• Established first laboratory in Germany to study
human thought processes.
• Studying the human mind moved the
pyschology from the domain of philosophy to the
laboratory.
• Manipulating and giving a certain stimulus to
produced a certain response.
• (motivation) drives hunger,reward,
punishments.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• famous Russian Psychologist to introduce the
theory of Classical Conditioning.

• Stimulus-Response- using series of

experiments to the dog.

Food- dog salivating

Food-bell- dog salivating
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
• Thorndike worked with animals and defined learning as habit
formation.
• S-R connection
• (food,cat cage in the box , pressing the lever)

• Thorndike three laws

 Law of Effect- doing mathematical problem and giving their
praises when they get the right answer.
(strengthen the response and become habitual)

 Law of Exercise- connection between stimulus

(continuous of practice)

 Law of Readiness- preparation for action.

Frederick Skinner (1900-1950)
• Operant Conditioning- is a method of learning
occurs through rewards and punishments.
• Positive and Negative Reinforcement
• Punishments

Rat in the box-lever-food

Rat in the box-electric-food
Rat in the box- lever- no food
Walter Bandura (1925-present)
• Social Learning Theory- imitation and modeling.
• Bridge between behaviorist and cognitive
learning theories.
Cognitivism
• Investigate from what the learners learned
• Cognition- act of processing of knowing.

• “What is the capital of China?

• Student A- Beijing
• Student B- Shanghai
Craik and Lockhart, Miller
• Sensory Memory
• Short term Memory
• Long term Memory

• The deeper we process the information the big

chance to remember it.
David Ausubel
• Medical practitioner argued that learning occurs
when one’s current organization of knowledge is
changed.
Levels of Cognitive Development by
Jean Piaget
• Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2)-object
permanence
• Pre-Operational (2-7 years)- represent objects
symbolically. By knowing the use.
• Concrete Operational (7-11 years)- child think
objet logically. Sorting of objects.
• Formal Operations ( 11 years- onwards)-
abstract ideas
Constructivism
• Build the idea of reflecting on our experiences to
construct our own understanding of the world
we live in.
Lev Vygotsky
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Distance between a student’s ability to perform
a task under adult guidance and/or with peer
collaboration and the student’s ability to do it
independently.
Constructivism in the classroom
• Student autonomy and initiative are accepted
and encouraged.
• Higher level- thinking is encouraged.
• Students are engaged dialogue with the teacher
and with each other,
• Students are engaged in experience that
challenge hypothesis and encourage discussion.
Jerome Bruner
• Learning Modes
1. Enactive- learning through movements
2. Iconic- learning through pictures
3. Symbolic- learning through abstract symbols.
Humanism
• It refers to wide variety of ideas and techniques.
• Learner is a person who has feelings, attitudes
and emotions.
Abraham Maslow
• Individuals satisfy their needs.
Carl Rogers
• A psychotherapist who proposed that classroom
must be a learner centered and teachers
facilitate learning.
• Teachers help student to explore new ideas.
Arthur Combs
• He believe that how a person perceives himself is
most important and that the basic purpose of
teaching is to help student to develop a
POSITIVE SELF-CONCEPT.
Humanism in the Classroom
• Establish warm, democratic, positive and non-
threatening learning environment.
• Act as a facilitator to share works/ideas
• Provide learning experiences
• Teachers should be role models.
• Learning must be based on life experiences,
discovery, exploring and experimenting.
 SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Schools are part and parcel of society and
exist for society.
Society and Curriculum
• Education System is closely tied to the
institutional network of society.
• To understand how the content of schooling is
shaped in any society.
Changing Economy and Curriculum
• Function of Education is to produce people with
appropriate skills and knowledge to enable them
to participate in the nation’s economy.
• Knowing the needs of society will also needs in
education.
Cultural Diversity and Curriculum
• Society is said to be diverse world for individual
through the following:
• 1.ethnic races
• 2.social status
• 3. religion
• 4.superstitions and beliefs.
Special Interest Group
• Environmental Groups- student should be
taught about conservation and preservation of
environment.
• Substance abuse includes drugs.
• Consumers advocates are taught the rights and
responsibilities of student to be prudent
consumers.
• Health Groups
• Crime prevention
• Governments.
Knowledge that is Most Worth
As society changes so does kowledge.
• Knowledge should comprise basic tools 4R’s.
• Knowledge should facilitate learning.
• Knowledge should improve learner’s self esteem
and personal integrity.
• Knowledge should be applicable in the real
world.