Chang Kok Yung

MSc in Civil Engineering

Outline
 Introduction
 Problems Statement
 Aim and Objectives
 Scope of Works
 Significance of Study
 Literature Review
 Research Methodology
 Progress Results
 Conclusion
Introduction
 Due to the trends of the development, the
construction industry is playing a major role in
executing the development.
 This leads to the increment of construction projects
especially high rise structure for commercial and
accommodation purposes.
 For large structure, high strength concrete is
commonly used material as it proves high strength,
cost effective and durability if compared with normal
strength concrete.
Introduction
 The engineering characteristics and economic
advantages of high strength concrete are better than
the conventional normal concrete.
 High strength concrete is used to avoid oversized
structural members and leads to reduction in dead
loads of the building.
 It possess uniform high density and impermeability
which enhancing the durability of the concrete
structures
Problems Statement
 The brittleness of high strength concrete
 Widely used in the construction practice around the world even
though it low in tensile strength.
 The brittleness of the concrete has a direct relationship with the
strength.
 The concrete product is dependent on the workmanship
 Durable concrete structures requires adequate compaction during
casting by the skilled labors.
 Sustainable development
 Not an outdated trend
 The consumption of cement which act as binders in the concrete
will increase depends on the production of concrete.
 A tonne of cement manufactured will produce a tonnes of CO2
Problems Statement
 It is essential to solve the problems
 The brittleness and the deficiencies of high strength
concrete can be overcome by reinforcing with short
discontinuous fibers.
 The reinforcement by steel fibers can reduce the usage
of steel reinforcement in the industry.
 The self compacting ability can overcome the problem
of addition of steel fibers into concrete and independent
from compaction.
 The replacement materials for cement in concrete is
essential in order to reduce the total consumption and
production of cement in Malaysia.
Aim and Objectives
 Aim
 To determine the optimum design mixture of ductile self
compacting concrete with various cement replacement
materials.
 Objectives
 To examine the self compacting properties of ductile self
compacting concrete with various cement replacement
materials.
 To investigate the durability properties of ductile self
compacting concrete undervarious cement replacement
materials.
Scope of Works
 The materials for the ductile self compacting concrete
are cement, fine aggregate, water and polycarboxylate
based superplasticizer (Sika VC 2044).
 Cement replacement materials
 Silica Fume
 Fly Ash
 Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA)
Scope of Works
 The replacement ratio of various cement replacement
materials into ductile self compacting concrete will be
limited to 20% by weight of binder as shown as table
below.
Code OPC (%) Silica Fume (%) MIRHA (%) Fly Ash (%)

M0 100 0 0 0

M1 80 20 0 0

M2 80 0 20 0

M3 80 0 0 20

M4 80 10 0 10

M5 80 10 10 0

M6 80 0 10 10
Scope of Works
 Workability Tests
 Slump Flow Test
 V-flow Test
 L-box Test
 Mechanical Tests
 Compressive Test
 Flexural Test
 Tensile Test
 Durability Tests
 Chloride Resistance Test
 Carbonation Test
 Hydrochloric Acid Test
 Water Permeability
Significance of Study
 Steel fibers is introduced to encounter the brittleness
of high strength concrete.
 The self compacting ability can resolve the problems of
steel fibers addition and ensure the quality of the
product.
 The ductile self compacting concrete with various
cement replacement materials will mitigate the
environment impacts facing by the world.
Evolution of Concrete
 Since the discovery of concrete, it keeps evolving from a
simple mixture to an advanced concrete technology.
 Nowadays, concrete is not only a mixture of cement, sand,
aggregates and water but incorporated with chemical
admixtures, cement replacement materials and others.
 High-strength concrete is achieved by using
superplasticizer to reduce the water–binder ratio.
 High-performance concrete was designed to give optimized
performance characteristics such as workability, service
life, and durability.
 Self-compacting concrete is a flowing concrete mixture
that is able to consolidate under its own weight.
High Strength Concrete
 Majorly apply in the structures where high strength
and durability is concerned.
 It provides high strength and cost effective and
durability if compared with normal strength concrete.
 It has a major potential for the future construction
works. However, the main weakness of high strength
concrete is the marked brittleness with low tensile
strength.
 The weaknesses of high strength concrete can be
overcome by the addition of steel fibers .
Cement Replacement Materials
 Partial replacement of fly ash and silica fume not only
increases the strength but also improves its durability
due to the pozzolanic reaction that leads to the
refinement of pore structures.
 The addition of fly ash can reduce the requirement of
superplasticizer.
 MIRHA provides better strength and lower porosity
compared to the normal concrete.
Steel Fibers
 Roles of Steel Fiber in Concrete
 Control cracking
 Increase the durability of concrete elements
 Improves the ductility, toughness, flexural strength and shear
strength of cementitious material
 Increase the tensile strength of concrete
 Enhances fatigue and impact resistance of concrete
 Improves the energy absorbing characteristics of concrete
 Reduces the brittleness of concrete and substantially
increases the compressive strength and strain capacity of the
composite
 It can only contain the development of the cracks but cannot
totally eliminate the concrete cracking
Steel Fibers
 Requirements of Steel Fiber
 Tensile strength of more than 2000MPa
 Orientation of Steel Fiber in Concrete
 Not necessary oriented unidirectional
 Interfacial bond is influenced by the proximity of
neighboring fibers
 Random orientation performs better than specimen which
parallel to the tensile direction in terms of post-cracking
mechanical properties
 Random distribution of fiber can prevent micro cracks from
propagating or widening and help to control the cracks
Ductile Self Compacting Concrete
 Can be improved by introducing various types of
fibers, especially steel fibers.
 Generally more environmentally sustainable than built
of the conventional reinforced concrete.
 Ultra high performance ductile concrete method gives
immediate saving of 37% on raw material of three span
bridge which is 165m long and 11.74m wide.
 Supports the vision of sustainable and confirmed to be
a greener construction as the embodied energy and
CO2 are approximately 30% less than the conventional
approach
Research Methodology
Literature
Review

Pre-Mixing
Experiments

Workability
Tests
Design mixtures which not
achieve self compacting
workability will be eliminated.
Mechanical
Tests
Optimum design will be chosen.
Durability
Tests

Data
Analysis
Research Methodology
 Pre-requisite
 To choose the suitable fine aggregate for the mixing which are
mining sand and river sand.
 To choose the suitable ratio between steel fibers which are
WSF 0220 and GSF 0325.
 The control mixture will be chosen for trial mixing

Percentage Ratio of Steel Fibers

WSF 0220 GSF 0325

0% 100%

50% 50%
100% 0%
Research Methodology
Test Reference
V-flow Test Naik et al., 2012
Slump Flow Test ASTM C1661
L-box Test Naik et al., 2012
Compressive Test BS EN 12390-3
Tensile Test ASTM C496
Flexural Test BS EN 12390-5
Carbonation Test RILEM CPC-18 & TC 116-PCD
Chloride Resistance Test Rodriguez, 2010
Hydrochloric Acid Resistance Test ASTM C267
Water Permeability Test CRDC 163-92
Workability

Slump Flow V-flow L-Box

Design Mixture

diameter (mm) T50 (s) V-flow time (s) H1 H2 PA

MSM0A2 800 6 5 90 75 0.83

RSM0A2 760 4 7 80 65 0.76

ZM0A2 (SF) 830 6 5 80 70 0.88

XM0A2 (EH) 810 4 5 85 70 0.88

 Mechanical Properties
Compressive Strength Flexural Strength Splitting Tensile
Sample (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Mix ID
No
1 day 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 28 days

MSM0A2 / 1 37.59 107.3 104.1 14.65

14.15 NA
YM0A2 2 42.98 115.7 118.6 16.52
ZM0A2 1 39.93 95.28 105.5 14.11
(SF) 15.05 16.18
2 36.05 107.5 109.3 10.72
1 41.54 99.7 NA NA
XM0A2
13.58 NA
(EH) 2 41.45 113.6 NA NA
1 51.64 103.4 NA NA
RSM0A2
18.76 NA
(River Sand) 2 47.88 101.9 NA NA
Conclusion
 The research will give positive contribution to the
industry.
 Future development of the industry will go in this
direction as there are many successful application of
ductile self compacting concrete in demanding
structures and special requirements are satisfied.
Thank You
Research Methodology
 There are many research of steel fibers in concrete that
are using end-hooked type as end-hooked steel fibers
generate flexural strength and energy absorption
capacity higher than those straight fibers.
 There are many research on steel fibers concrete which
use one type of steel fibers only which is end-hooked
or straight fibers.
 Lack of research is comparing the effect of the fibers
shape in the concrete.