OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIER
(PHE-10)
-
+
Shubha Gokhale
School of Sciences, IGNOU
MARCH 30, 2007
Typical Op Amp IC Packages

Metal Can Package

Dual-in-Line
package (DIP)
Op Amp Pin-out connections
Dual-in-Line Plastic Package

OFFSET NULL

OFFSET NULL
Op Amp Pin-outs Metal Can
WHAT IS INSIDE AN
OP AMP?
Phases of output signal wrt input

input
Common Emitter Amplifier

RL

Rb

Inverted
Input output
signal signal
 Two matched transistors form a
differential amplifier

VC1=VCC-I1R2 VC2=VCC-I2R4
I1 I2

input
0V

Constant -VEE+0.7 V
current
= I1+I2
 Transisterized
Differential Amplifier
Double ended
input - double
vout ended output
v1
- +
v2 diff. amp:
vout=A (v1-v2)
 Transistorized
Differential Amplifier

Differential Mode Common Mode

signal signal
 Single Ended Differential Amplifier
(commonly used in op-amps)

Single ended
●
output
Non- Inverting
inverting input
input
Op Amp stages with pin-outs of IC741
7
2

3
4
 Op amp Comparator
• Open loop gain of op amp is defined as:
AOL = Vo / VD
where VD = VNI – VINV
• Open loop gain of op amp is very high
(ideally infinite).
• Any small difference between VNI and VINV results
into saturation of output voltage ±VSAT
i.e. for VNI < VINV output is – VSAT and
for VNI > VINV output is + VSAT
• Value of VSAT is limited by the supply voltage of op
amp
 Op amp Voltage Level Detector

-
VREF
+ VOUT
VIN
= +VSAT for VIN>VREF
= -VSAT for VIN<VREF
 Important features of Op Amp
1. High open loop gain (ideally infinite)
which implies that even the smallest
difference between the two inputs
results into saturated output voltage
2. High input impedance (ideally infinite)
implies that there is no current
flowing into the input of an op amp
 Virtual Ground
These two conditions give rise to VIRTUAL
GROUND, where the voltages at both the inputs are
maintained at exactly same level.
To achieve this condition, a feedback circuit between
the output and the inverting input terminal of the op
amp is necessary.
This results into many applications of op amp, which
qualify it to be OPERATIONAL: adder, subtractor,
multiplier, divider etc.
Op amp Applications
 Inverting Amplifier
Multiplier/Divider circuit, whose gain is decided
by the values of resistors
Rin Rf

Vin
+
Vout
 Inverting Amplifier Analysis
Iin R If Rf
in

Vin
+
Vout

Due to virtual ground:

Iin= Vin / Rin= If = – ( Vout / Rf )
Vout= – (Rf / Rin ) Vin
Rf > Rin →multiplier Rf < Rin→ divider
 Non-inverting Amplifier
+
Vin
If
Vin Vout
Iin
Rf
Rin

Due to virtual ground:

VINV = VNI = Vin
If = (Vout–Vin) / Rf = Iin= Vin / Rin
Vout = [1+ (Rf / Rin )] Vin
 Unity Gain Amplifier
(Non-inverting Buffer)

–
Vout=Vin
Vin +
 Inverting Adder
R1
V1
R2
V2
R3 Rf
V3

+
Vout

Vout= Rf [(V1 / R1)+ (V2 / R2)+ (V3 / R3)]

 Subtractor
Rin Rf

V1

V2 Vout
Rin Rf

Vout= Rf (V2–V1)/ Rin

 Subtractor Analysis
Rin Rf
V
V22 V1
Rin
V’
V’ = V2Rf / (Rf+Rin) Vout
Rf

Vout = – V1Rf / Rin + [1+ (Rf / Rin )] V’

= Rf (V2 – V1) / Rin
 Op amp integrator
Rin Cf If
Iin
Vin
Vout

Vout= – (1 / Rin Cf ) ∫ Vin dt

Iin= Vin / Ri n= If = – Cf ( dVout / dt )
Op amp Differentiator
Cin Rf If
Iin
Vin
Vout

Vout= – Rf Cin (dVin / dt )

Iin= CindVin /dt = If = – Vout / Rf
Op amp Characteristics
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR)
• It is the ability of an op amp to reject the
signal which is present at its both inputs
simultaneously i.e. the common mode
signal
• CMRR = AOL / ACM, where ACM is common
mode voltage gain defined by Vout / VCM
• Ideally CMRR is infinite
• For IC 741 it is 90 dB
 Slew Rate
• Maximum rate of change of output
voltage (when typically a step voltage is
given at the input terminal)

Step
Input

Vout dVout / dt

t
 Slew Rate (cont…)
• Slew rate is caused by the finite response
time of the circuit elements of an op amp
• It limits the highest possible frequency of
operation
Vin

Expected
Voltage
Vout
t
Open Loop Gain
• AOL is ideally infinite
• In case of typical practical op amp like
IC 741 it is of the order of 105 i.e.
about 100 dB
Input Resistance
• RI is ideally infinite
• In case of IC 741 it is 2 MΩ
Output Resistance
• RO is ideally zero
• In case of IC 741 it is 75 Ω
Input Offset Voltage
• Small voltage needed to be applied
between INV and NI terminals to get
zero output voltage
• Ideally it should be 0 V (CM operation)
Output Offset Voltage
• Under common mode operation, output
voltage should be zero, but due to
mismatch is devices it is non-zero
(Can be corrected by applying voltage
between Pins 1 and 5 of IC 741)
 Summary
• Op amp can be used for various
(mathematical) operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division,
differentiation, integration etc.
• Infinite open loop gain and infinite input
resistance give rise to VIRTUAL GROUND
• Op amp is available in a simple to use IC
form which require dual supply
• Many other applications can be
implemented using op amp
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Some circuits in this presentation are
based on following materials:
• HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS
Thank you !