Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Dissemination Experience in
Rural Nepal
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Context of Biomass Energy Consumption Status
Total
Total
Residential Energy
Energy Consumption
SectorConsumption
Energy byby Sectors
Fuel
Consumption by Types (2011/12)
(2011/12)
Fuel type (2011/12)
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Residential Sector Energy Consumption by Fueltypes and Sub Sector –
2011/12
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Source: Field survey, WECS Unit: 000 GJ
90.2% 87.1% 79.7% 80.0%
Changes in Energy
Consumption Pattern over
Years
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Source: National Survey of Energy Consumption and Supply Situation in Nepal, WECS
Opportunity for Cleaner Cooking Solutions
Number of Households by Main Cooking Fuel
4.03 million out of 5.42 million (~75%) households use solid biomass
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Data source: CBS, 2012
Existing Rural Scenario triggering the need
of intervention in Biomass Energy Sector
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TCS in a Tamang HH: Dolakha
TCSPRShakya
in a Chhetri HH: Dolakha 12
TCS in a Tharu HH: Dang
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TCS in a Gurung HH: Ilam
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TCS in a Gurung HH: Ilam
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rious chemicals present in wood burning smok
(~g/kg emission factors)
• Carbon Monoxide 80-370
• Methane 14-25 • Particulate Acidity . 7x10-3 - 7x10-2
• VOCs (C2-C7) 7-27 • Normal alkanes (C24-C30) 1x10-3 - 6x10-3
• Aldehydes 0.65.4 • Oxygenated PAHs 0.15-1
• Formaldehyde 0.1-0.7 • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
• Acrolein 0.02-0.1 Fluorene 4x10-5 - 1.7x10-2
• Propionaldehyde 0.1-0.3 Phenanthrene 2x10-5 - 3.4x10-2
Anthracene 5x10-5 - 2.1x10-5
• Butryaldehyde 0.01-1.7 Methylanthracenes 7xl0-5 - 8x10-5
• Acetaldehyde 0.03-0.6 Fluoranthene 7xl0-4- 4.2xl0-2
Pyrene 8x10-4 - 3.1x10-2
• Furfural 0.2-1.6 1.6 Benzo(a)anthracene 4x10-4 - 2x10-3
• Substituted Furans 0.15-1.7 Chrysene 5x104- 1x10-2
Benzofluoranthenes 6x10-4- 5x10-3
• Benzene 0.6-4.0 Benzo(e)pyrene 2x104 - 4x10-3
• Alkyl Benzenes 1-6 Benzo(a)pyrene 3x104- 5x10-3
• Perylene 5x10-5 - 3x10-3
Toluene 0.15-1.0 Ideno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2xl0-4- 1.3x10-2
• Acetic Acid 1.8-2.4 Benz(ghi)perylene 3x10-5- 1.lx10-2
• Formic Acid 0.06-0.08 Coronene 8x10-4- 3x10-3
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene 3x104- lx10-3
• Nitrogen Oxides (NO,NO2) 0.2-0.9 Retene 7x10-3 - 3x10-2
• Sulfur Dioxide 0.16-0.24 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2x10-5 - 2xl0-3
• Methyl chloride 0.01-0.04 • Trace Elements
Cr 2x10-5 - 3x10-3
• Napthalene 0.24-1.6 Mn 7xl0-5 - 4x10-3
• Substituted Napthalenes 0.3-2.1 Fe 3x10-4 - 5x10-3
Ni lxl0-6 - lx10-3
• Oxygenated Monoaromatics 1-7 Cu 2x10-4 - 9x10-4
• Guaiacol (and derivatives) 0.4-1.6 Zn 7xl0-4 - 8x10-3
Br 7x10-5 - 9x10-4
• Phenol (and derivatives) 0.2-0.8 Pb lx10-4 -3x10-3
• Syringol (and derivatives) 0.7-2.7 Elemental Carbon 0.3 - 5
• Catechol (and denvatives) 0.2-0.8 • Cyclic di-and triterpenoids
Dehydroabietic acid 0.01 - 0.05
• Particulate Organic Carbon 2-20 PRShakya Isopimaric acid 0.02 - 0.10 16
• Chlorinated dioxins 1xl0-5 - 4x10-5 Lupenone 2x10-3 - 8x10-3
Environme
Environme
Health
Health nt
nt
••ALRI
ALRI(Acute
(Acutelower
lower ••Deforesta
Deforesta
respiratory
respiratoryinfection)
infection) tion
tion
••COPD
COPD(Chronic
(Chronic ••GHG
GHG
obstructive
obstructive pulmonary
pulmonary emission
emission
diseases)
diseases)
Typical 24-hour 1minute kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 before and after installation of ICS
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Emission measurement - Carbon Monoxide
Study on 2008 & 2009 indicated that IAP was reduced by 62%
(both PM & CO) with the use of ICS
Typical 24-hour 1minute kitchen concentrations of CO before and after installation of ICS
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Current facts and challenges in ICS dissemination
Lapsi/ Candy
Dalmoth, Chips
Processing
Hard Cheese/
Tea Drying
Churpi production
Herbal plant /
Hotel and
essential oil
Restaurant
processing
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List of various MSMEs having potential of using biomass combustion technology
Alaichi
(Cardamom) Coffee Processing
Processing
Wool/ Thread
Bakery/ Bread
Dyeing
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Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
Promoted
Bio-Energy
Technologies Improved Cookstoves/
Combustion devices
Biogas
(HH and Institutional)
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GoN Subsidy Provision for ICS
Around 3 million
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Intervention through ICS dissemination
1,200,000
1,017,686
1,000,000 876,815
744,664
800,000
615,216
526,313
600,000
437,876
376,945
337,052
313,221
400,000 272,018
2015-2016 ->73,161
212,651
164,190
130,296
200,000 89,127
84,570
80,985 106,673
99,687
93,684 113,327
106,783
56,446
48,981
41,883 76,138
65,423
63,977
19,753
12,538
57 1145,918 34,338
27,002
-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 201 201 201
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
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Testing Facilities Developed
Renewable Energy Test Station (RETS)
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
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Field Testing
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Nepal Interim Benchmark for solid biomass Cookstoves
(NIBC, 2016)
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Options for addressing household cooking energy needs
Biogas
ICS
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The energy ladder: Energy & development linkage
Cooking options based on availability
and national resources
Scarcity Electricity
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Traditional animal dung briquettes used as cooking fuel
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Distribution of Potential Biomass Resources in Nepal
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Source: Gasifier feasibility study report, VERDICT, 2011
Potential Biomass Energy Resources availability for
modern biomass fuel production
Industrial waste:
Saw dust, wood chips (TCN: average value 116,963
ft3) (Veneer industry: 758,440 tons per day ),
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Potential Biomass Energy Resources availability for
modern biomass fuel production
Forest residue:
Twigs and branches (285 million cubic meters), pine needles
(4.5million tons), weeds/ invasive plants (banmara: 17 tons/ha
annually in E-W Highways only, banmasa, lantana camera, tite-
pati, besaram jhar, Mikania: 600,000 tons of dried Mikania in
20 Terai districts only, etc.), saal leaves(2,019,600 tons of leaf
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litter per year)
Potential Biomass Energy Resources availability for
modern biomass fuel production
High pressure
compression
Low pressure
compression
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Some of the existing competitive
briquette industries in the market
Non-carbonised (high pressure compression) briquette manufacturers:
• Mhepi Briquette Udyog , Nawalparasi
• Shubha Biomass Pvt Ltd , Chitwan
• Jaibik Urja Nepal Company, Bhairawa
• Majgaon briquette Udyog , Lumbini
• Indira Sugar Mills, Nawalparasi
• Green City Briquette Udyog , Bhumisthali
• Namuna Briquette Industry , Chitwan
•Currently, non carbonised briquettes are consumed at Hotels,
•
•
Mahakali Sugar Mills, Dhangadi
Annapurna Sugar Mills , Sarlahi
restaurants, industries for boilers etc.
• Batabaran Biofuel Pvt.Ltd, Chapali Bhadrakali
• Makalu Jadibuti Production Factory, Tankhuwa, Dhankuta
•Carbonised briquettes are used at HH for space heating and cooking,
• Green Biomass Industries, Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu
• Gorkha Energy & Environment Pvt Ltd, Gorkha
restaurants etc.
• Universal Biomass Briquette, Katahari, Morang
• Others……
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Initiatives for promotion of Biomass Densified Fuel
(Briquetting) replacing coal and raw fuelwood use
• Demonstration on use of briquettes and charred biomass as
clean alternative fuel for Brick Kilns replacing coal.
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Initiatives for promotion of Biomass Densified Fuel
(Briquetting) replacing coal and raw fuelwood use
• Promotion of non-carbonized pellets (biomass based fuel) in
MSME sector via technical and market assessment in Nepal
(eg. Dyeing industries)
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Advantages on use of biomass fuel (Char, Briquette) in Brick
Kilns
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Initiatives for promotion of Biomass Fuel Densification
(Briquetting) technology by AEPC
• Recommendation for 1% custom duty charge on import of biofuel
producing machinery and parts.
• Training on production of briquettes at community level.
• Stakeholder /Demonstration workshops
• Study on Technical Parameters for Quality Assurance of Biomass
Briquettes.
• Studies related to potential and feasibility of Biomass Briquette.
• Inventory of Biomass Briquetting in Nepal
• Support for biomass testing laboratory at RETS/NAST for testing
biomass stoves as well as biomass fuel.
• “Developing policy framework and business model to promote
sustainable use of biomass briquettes in Nepal” through CTCN
technical assistance
• Collaboration with relevant partners
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on dissemination. 53
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GoN Subsidy Provision for Gasifier Systems
• Maximum subsidy amount of up to 50% of the plant cost but
not exceeding Rs. 150,000 will be provided to metallic
gasifier plant for thermal applications for agro-processing by
small, medium and cottage enterprises.
• Biomass electrification projects above 5 kW up to 100 kWp in
areas not connected through national grid or other sources
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BIOMASS GASIFICATION
What is Biomass Gasification?
Gasifier For
Gasifier
Electrification
for Thermal Energy
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Estimated Potential of Biomass
Energy in Nepal from Various
Biomass Sources
Potential
S.N Source of Biomass Capacity Remarks
(in MW)
1 Sustainable fuel wood 800 7.0 million t/year and 1.0 kg/kW
5 Biofuel To be assessed
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• Gasifier based cardamom drying process
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Biomass Gasifier based technologies piloted at Rural Community for electrification
Lamiduwali VDC
Madhubangoth VDC
Kanakpur VDC
Jagannathpursira VDC
Belwajabdi Village PRShakya 65
Some examples of installations by Private
Companies
• Bhudeo Khadya Udhyog, Lalbandi, 400 kWe
• Rajesh Metal Craft, Kathmandu, Nepal, 700 kW th & 500 kWe
• Hulas Steel Industries Ltd., Simara, Bara, Nepal, 800 kW th & 300 kWe
• Makwana Biscuit, Hetuda, Nepal, 250 kW th
• Kwality Diet and Food Products (P) Ltd. Dhubi, Nepal 600 kW th
• Hulas Steel Industries Ltd., Simara, Nepal, (550 x 2) 1100 kW th
• Hulas Wire Industries Ltd. Biratnagar, Nepal 600 kW th
• Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Bara, Nepal, 1200 kW th
• Rajesh Metal Crafts Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal, 1200 kW th
• Pioneer Wires Limited, Biratnagar : 350 kWth
• Hulas Wire Industries Limited,PRShakya
Biratnagar, 500 kW th 66
Biogas (HH and Institutional)
Biogas
At existing livestock
1.1 million plants 400,000 + nos.
population
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Composition of Biogas
Substances Symbol Percentage
Basic parts of Biogas Plant Methane CH4 50-70
Hydrogen H2 5-10
Nitrogen N2 0.3
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Biogas Dissemination in
Nepal
\.
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GoN Subsidy Provision for Biogas Plant
• Domestic
Biogas
Plant
• Waste to
Energy
based
Biogas
Plant
Small: 12.5-35 cum
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Achievements in Domestic Biogas Sector
• 400,000+ domestic biogas installed so far (90+% are operational)
– >60 % in DAG household
– About 80% Toilet Attached (current trend)
– 1.9 million + rural population served
– USD 7.0 million CDM fund received
– 126+ private biogas companies created and active, 10,000+ employment
– Few women owned and managed biogas companies
– 17 appliances manufacturing workshops
– GGC 2047 (Nepali model)plant disseminated in 21 countries
Substrate Used: Mixed Substrate mainly press mud, chicken litter and cow dung
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Biogas plant and other facilities
Organic Fertilizer
Raw Biogas Refinery
Biofuel
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Existing Policies on RE Sector conducive for Biomass
Energy Sector
• Periodic Three year Plans
• Rural Energy Policy, 2006
• Climate Change Policy, 2011
• Renewable Energy Subsidy Policy, 2016
• Central Renewable Energy Fund
• Renewable Energy Subsidy Delivery Mechanism, 2016
• Financial Act, 2016 – Exemption of VAT & Custom Duty in RE
equipments/materials
• Biomass Energy Strategy, 2017
• Investment Prospectus for CCS4ALL: A Roadmap to National
Goal of Providing Clean Cooking Solutions for All
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Biomass Energy Strategy, 2017
Strategies:
1. To increase production of sustainable biomass energy by utilizing agriculture,
forest residues and organic wastes.
2. To contribute to increased access to clean cooking technologies to all Nepalese
households through the means of modern biomass energy.
3. To increase effectiveness and efficiency in the utilization and production of
biomass energy.
4. To partially substitute the utilization of diesel and petrol by bio-diesel and bio-
ethanol.
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Biomass Energy Strategy, 2017
Some Specific Targets (2030):
1. To generate electricity through the solid waste management in those
municipalities with garbage production of more than 1 tonne; and to generate
10 MW of electricity from bio-gasifier
2. To provide clean cooking technologies of at least tier -3 to all households
3. To install 600,000 domestic biogas plants using cattle dung.
4. To reach the annual production of 20,000 metric tonnes of pellets, briquettes by
enhancing the production capacity.
5. 10% of the total consumption of petrol and diesel consumed in Nepal will have
been replaced by biodiesel & bioethanol
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Thank you for your
kind attention !!!
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