INTRODUCTION TO

NANOFLUIDS
Presented
by

NITAI CHANDRA MAJI

www.cmss.cnt.co.uk

Indian Institute Of Technology

KHARAGPUR
Contents
Introduction

Invention

Synthesis Methods

Applications

Advantages
http://www2.pv.unsw.edu.au
Challenges
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Introduction
Serrano E, Rus G, Martínez JG. Nanotechnology for sustainable
Nanoscale Definition energy. Renew
Sust Energy Rev 2009;13(December (9)):2373–84.

Nanofluid

Naoparticles are suspended in conventional base

fluids to modify its (B.F.) thermal and rheological
properties.

Common Base Fluids are Water, Ethylene Glycol,

Mineral Oil.
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Invention
Masuda et al. 1993
H. Masuda and his coworkers published their work in a Japanese journal in 1993

Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water is increased by dispersing ultrafine

particles of Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2.

S.U.S Choi 1995

Naming “NANOFLUIDS”.

Energy and Environment Division at National

Argonne Laboratory, U.S.

If other properties (density, specific heat, viscosity)

are unchanged then due to increase in k, heat
transfer coefficient is increased anomalously. 3
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Synthesis Methods
One Step Method

Two step Method

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One Step Method

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VEROS
Vacuum Evaporation on Running Oil Substrate
When metal is evaporated onto a
solid substrate in vacuum, fine
particles are formed before forming
of thin film.

Same phenomena are occurred

when a metal is evaporated in the
vacuum onto a running oil substrate.

Small ultrafine particles are grown.

Only low vapor pressure liquid can

be used.

Akoh et al., J. Cryst. Growth, (1978)

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SANSS
Submerged Arc Nanoparticle Synthesis System
Pure metal rod is submerged in the
dielectric liquid in a vacuum chamber.

Electric arc of temperature in

between 6000-12000oC is generated.

Metal melts down and getting

evaporated.

Dielectric liquid is also evaporated

due to high temperature.

Vapor pressure of the chamber is

increased, hence Nucleation and
growth of fine nanoparticles in
Lo et al., J nano res (2005)
dielectric liquid. 7
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Chemical Reduction Method

 CuCl2 + 2NaOH CuO + 2NaCl + H2O

 Cu+2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2Na+2

 Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O 8

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One step vs Two step
 One step methods are best
for preparing nanofluids
with small size nanoparticles
because Particles are directly
dispersed after synthesis,
hence no agglomeration.
 But, this method cannot be
used for Large scale
production.
IIT KHARAGPUR
 Two step Methods cannot be
used for making stable nanofluid
with small size particles. Small
particles are aggregated in
clusters due to different
intermediate stages like drying,
storing and transportation.
 Since synthesis of nanoparticle
in large scale is already been
commercialized. This method is
suitable for producing nanofluid
in industrial scale.
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Application
Heat Transfer Application
Coolant

Machinery Lubrication
Excellent wear resistance
www.dhtnet.com
Extreme pressure withstanding

Biomedical Application www.lubrita.com

Drug delivery vehicle

Surgery cooling

Antimicrobial Activity 10
www.kostic.niu.edu
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Heat Transfer Application

Industrial Heat Exchangers

Electronics chip cooling
Nuclear reactor
Engine Cooling www.gizmodo.com
Solar Heater
Thermal absorption system
Cooling fluid in grinding
Fuel Cell www.cimindustry.com

Transformer Oil
Advanced Sensor
www.carparts.com 11
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Advantages
Boiling Curve

High Thermal Conductivity

High Heat Transfer Coefficient

High Critical Heat Flux

www.expertbeacon.com
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Thermal conductivity study

1000
Thermal Conductivity

100
(W/mK)

10

0.1

Comparison study of thermal conductivity of different components of nanofluid

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Superior than microfluids
Factors Microfluids Nanofluids

Stability Settle quickly Stable indefinitely

Surface to Volume ratio 1 1000

Conductivity Low High

Clogging Yes No

Erosion More Less

Pumping Power Large Small

Nanoscale Phenomena No Yes

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Challenges

High Viscosity

High pressure drop and increased Pumping power

Low Specific Heat

Stability

High cost of production

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Stability
Stabilization Methods:
Use different additives (e.g.: surfactants)

Ultra-sonication
www.inkline.gr

Affecting factors:
Temperature

Process Scale www.instru.edu.co

Sonication Time

pH
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Stability with temperature

Thermal Conductivity is decreasing with increase in temperature due to

sedimentation
Ghadimi et al., Int J Heat & Mass (2011) 17
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Stability with sonication time

Effect of Sonication time on thermal conductivity

Ghadimi et al., Int J Heat & Mass (2011) 18
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Stability Analysis
Analysis Methods:

 Sedimentation Observation
Wen et al. (2009)

 TEM

 ζ Potential
www.istag.ch

Pubs.rsc.org
 Particle Size Distribution

 UV-VIS spectral Absorbance

http://ashaanalytical.com/ 19
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Future Work

Study the mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluid

More detailed study of long term stability of

Nanofluid in heat transfer applications

Effect of different additives and impurities on the

efficacy of nanofluid

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References
Choi, S. U. S. (1995). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, FED–
231/MD-66:99–105.

Masuda, H., A. Ebata, K. Teramae, and N. Hishinuma (1993). Netsu Bussei (Japan),
4: 227–233.

Akoh, H., Y. Tsukasaki, S. Yatsuya, and A. Tasaki (1978). J. Cryst. Growth, 45: 495–
500.

Zhu, H., Y. Lin, and Y. Yin (2004). J. Colloid Interface Sci., 277: 100–103.

Saidur, R., K.Y. Leong, and H. A. Mohammad (2011). Renew. & sustain. Rev.,
15:1646-1668

Das, S.K., S.U.S. Choi, Wenhua Yu, T. Pradeep. (2007) Nanofluids: Science and
Technology, Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-470-07473-2
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IIT KHARAGPUR NITAI CHANDRA MAJI