Form 5 Chapter 4 Reproduction and Growth

Chapter 4 Reproduction And
Growth
4.1 Gamete Formation
ITeach – Biology Form 5

Chapter 4 Reproduction And Growth
Gamete Formation
Male Reproductive Organs
Seminal
Ureter Produces
vesicle
Seminal
Prostate fluid
Bladder gland
Urethra Sperm duct

Urinogenital duct sends the sperms to
the urethra
Epididymis
Scrotum keeps the sperms
A special sac in which Testis

the testis lie outside the production of sperms
abdominal cavity at a
temperature below that Penis
of the rest of the body,
which is favourable to
sperm production.
Bab 4 Pembiakan dan Pertumbuhan
Pembentukan Gamet
Organ Pembiakan Lelaki
Vesikel
Ureter Hasilkan
semen
bendalir
Kelenjar semen
Pundi prostat
Uretra Duktus sperma

Duktus penyimpan Menghantar sperma ke
urin uretra
Epididimis
Skrotum Menyimpan sperma
Pundi yang terletak di
luar rongga abdomen Testis
untuk memegang testis Penghasilan sperma
dan memastikan suhu
Penis
testis tidak melebihi
suhu badan agar
sperma dapat
dihasilkan.
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5
Gamete Formation
Female Reproductive Organs
Uterus
Oviduct (fallopian tube)
Funnel of
oviduct
ovary
Secondary follicle
cervix
Primary follicle
Vagina

Pembentukan Gamet
Organ Pembiakan Perempuan
Uterus
Oviduktus (tiub fallopio)
Corong
oviduktus
Ovari
Folikel skunder
Serviks
Folikel primer
Faraj

Gamete Formation
Structure Of A Male Gemete (Sperm)
head
nucleus
Middle piece
0.08mm
Tail

Pembentukan Gamet
Struktur Gamet Jantan (Sperma)
kepala
nukleus
bahagian tengah
0.08mm
ekor

Gamete Formation
Structure Of A Female Gamete (Ovum)
nucleus
0.1mm
cytoplasm

Pembentukan Gamet
Struktur Gamet Betina (Ovum)
nukleus
0.1mm
sitoplasma

Gamete Formation
Fertilization Of An Egg By A Sperm
Nucleus of a
successful sperms
A membrane appears
round the egg and
prevents any other sperm
from penetrating it.

Pembentukan Gamet
Persenyawaan Telur Oleh Sperma
Nukleus sperma
yang berjaya
menembusi ovum.
Satu membran terbentuk

mengelilingi telur untuk
melindungi spema lain
daripada menembusinya.

Gamete Formation
Formation Of Ovum (Oogenesis)
Graafian follicle
about to burst open
and release ovum
Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte
Corpus luteum
formed from follicle
which has released
its ovum
Potential ova
Oogenesis (Schematic diagram)

Pembentukan Gamet
Pembentukan Ovum (Oogenesis)
Folikel Graaf yang

akan pecah dan
melepaskan ovum
Folikel sekunder
Oosit primer
Korpus luteum
terbentuk daripada
folikel yang telah
membebaskan
Ova yang berpotensi untuk disenyawakan
ovum.
Oogenesis (Rajah skematik)
Gamete Formation
Formation of sperm (spermatogenesis)
Structure Of The Testis
Each testis contains numerous

coiled tubules called
Interstitial cells seminiferous tubules
Primary
The tubules are lined by
spermatocytes
spermatogonia
Germinal
epithelium
The spermatogonia divide to
Convective give rise to sperms.
tissue sperms
The interstitial cells produce
Transverse section of the testis male sex hormones
Spermatogenesis (Schematic diagram)

Pembentukan Gamet
Pembentukan Sperma (Spermatogenesis)
Struktur Testis
Setiap testis mengandungi

banyak tubul yang berlingkar
Sel interstis dipanggil tubul seminifer.
Spermatosit
primer Tubul ini dikelilingi oleh
spermatogonia.
Epitelium
germa Spermatogonia akan terbahagi
untuk membolehkan sperma
dibebaskan.
Tisu sperma
Sel interstis menghasilkan
Keratan melintang testis hormon seks lelaki.
Spermatogenesis (Rajah skematik)

Growth
4.2 Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

The Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle
During menstruation, the pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) which stimulates the development of follicles.
The primary follicle in the ovary develops into a Graafian follicle.
The development of follicles in the ovary stimulates the secretion of oestrogen.

Oestrogen repairs the uterine wall and causes the endometrium to thicken in
preparation for implantation.
When the oestrogen reaches a particular level, it stimulates the pituitary gland to
secrete another hormone called the luteinising hormone (LH).
LH stimulates ovulation on the 14th day. A secondary oocyte is released from the
Graafian follicle.
After ovulation, the Graafian follicle that remains in the ovary will form a corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes another hormone called progesterone. Progesterone serves to
maintain the thickening of the endometrium.
If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and the level of
progesterone falls. The endometrium disintegrates and is shed as menstruation.
If fertilisation occurs, the corpus luteum remains and continues to secrete
progesterone that will maintain the thickness of the endometrium.
Peranan Hormon Dalam Kitar Haid
Ketika haid, kelenjar pituitari dirangsang untuk merembeskan hormon perangsang

folikel (FSH) yang merangsang perkembangan folikel.
Folikel primer di dalam ovari akan membentuk folikel Graaf.
Perkembangan folikel pula akan merangsang perembesan hormon estrogen.

Estrogen akan memperbaiki dinding uterus dan menyebabkan dinding endometrium
menebal untuk persediaan penempelan zigot.
Apabila aras estrogen mencapai satu peringkat, ia merangsang kelenjar pituitari untuk
merembeskan hormon lain yang dipanggil hormon peluteinan (LH).
LH akan merangsang pengovulan pada hari ke-14. Oosit skunder dibebaskan dari
folikel Graaf.
Selepas pengovulan, folikel Graaf yang tertinggal di dalam ovari akan membentuk
korpus luteum.
Korpus luteum akan merembeskan satu lagi hormon yang dipanggil progestron.
Progestron berfungsi untuk mengekalkan ketebalan dinding endometrium.
Sekiranya persenyawaan tidak berlaku, korpus luteum akan merosot dan aras
progestron semakin berkurangan. Dinding endometrium akan terurai dan haid
bermula.
Sekiranya persenyawaan terjadi, korpus luteum akan kekal dan hormon progestron
terus dirembeskan untuk mengekalkan ketebalan dinding endometrium.

Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

The Process Of Ovulation, Fertilization, Cell
Division And Implantation
1. During copulation, about 400 million sperms are released.
2. The sperms move through the vagina, uterus and the fallopian tube.
3. In the fallopian tube, the first sperms that reaches the secondary oocyte will
penetrate into the egg membrane.
4. Upon entry of the sperm, the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II. An ovum
and a polar are formed.
5. The nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form a zygote.
The process is called fertilisation.
6. The fertilised egg is known as a zygote.
7. The zygote undergoes mitosis to form a zygote with two cells.
8. Both cells then divide to form a zygote with four cells.
Continue

Proses Ovulasi, Persenyawaan, Pembahagian
Sel dan Penempelan
1. Semasa persanggamaan, lebih kurang 400 juta sperma dibebaskan.
2. Sperma akan melalui vagina, uterus dan tiub Fallopio.
3. Dalam tiub Fallopio, sperma pertama yang sampai kepada oosit sekunder akan
menembusi membran telur.
4. Kemasukan sperma merangsang oosit sekunder mengalami meiosis II. Satu
ovum dan satu jasad kutub dibentuk.
5. Nukleus di dalam sperma akan bercantum dengan nukleus ovum membentuk
zigot. Proses ini dipanggil persenyawaan.
6. Telur yang disenyawakan dikenali sebagai zigot.
7. Zigot akan mengalami mitosis untuk membentuk zigot peringkat dua sel.
8. Kedua-dua sel kemudian membahagi membentuk zigot peringkat empat sel.
Sambung

Growth
4.3 Early Development Of A Zygote In Humans

Early Development Of A Zygote In Humans
The Relationship Between Blood Supply Of Embryo, Placenta And Uterus
blood sinuses in uterus
(deoxygenated blood) Mother’s

blood
placenta
Uterus wall
Capillary network
in placenta
Artery in umbilical cord
(deoxygenated blood)
Vein in umbilical cord
(oxygenated blood)
embryo

Perkembangan Awal Zigot Dalam Manusia
Hubungan Antara Bekalan Darah Embrio, Plasenta dan Uterus
Sinus darah dalam uterus
(darah beroksigen) Darah

ibu
plasenta
Dinding uterus
Rangkaian kapilari
dalam plasenta
Arteri dalam tali pusat
(darah terdeoksigen)
Vena dalam tali pusat
(darah beroksigen)
embrio

Villi Of Placenta In Wall Of Uterus
uterus
Placenta villus
Blood sinus in uterus
Embryonic capillary

Vilus Plasenta Pada Dinding Uterus
uterus
Vilus plasenta
Sinus darah dalam

uterus
Kapilari embrio

Exchange Of Oxygen And Food From Uterus To Placenta
placenta is an organ by which the embryo is attached onto the uterus wall.
The placenta forms a selective barrier between the mother’s blood and the
foetal blood.
The placenta is joined to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
The umbilical artery transports substances from the foetus to the placenta,
the umbilical vein transports substances from the placenta to the foetus.
The mother’s blood that flows into the placenta is rich in oxygen and
nutrients.
In the placenta, diffusion of substances take place.
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the mother’s blood into the foetal blood.
They are transported to the foetus by the umbilical vein
Continue
Pertukaran Oksigen dan Makanan Daripada Uterus ke Plasenta
Plasenta merupakan organ yang membolehkan embrio melekat kepada

dinding uterus.
Plasenta membentuk satu halangan memilih di antara darah ibu dan darah
fetus.
Plasenta dihubungkan kepada fetus oleh tali pusat.
Arteri tali pusat mengangkut bahan dari fetus kepada plasenta dan vena tali
pusat mengangkut bahan dari plasenta kepada fetus.
Darah ibu yang mengalir ke dalam plasenta kaya dengan oksigen dan
nutrien.
Penyerapan bahan berlaku di dalam plasenta.
Oksigen dan nutrien dari darah ibu meresap masuk ke dalam darah fetus.
Oksigen dan nutrien diangkut ke fetus melalui vena tali pusat.
Sambung
Contribution Of Science And Technology To Human Reproduction
The Formation Of Twins
Identical Twins
One ovum and one sperm
One shared
placenta

Sumbangan Sains dan Teknologi Terhadap Pembiakan Manusia
Pembentukan Anak Kembar
Kembar Seiras
Satu ovum dan satu sperma
Berkongsi
plasenta

The Formation Of Fraternal Twins
Two ova and

two sperms

Pembentukan Kembar Tak Seiras
Dua ovum dan

dua sperma

The Formation Of Siamese Twins
Siamese Twins
 Identical twins that are not separated

completely
 These Siamese twins are joined at the

abdomen
 They can be separated by surgery if they

dont share vital organs

Pembentukan Kembar Siam
Kembar Siam
 Kembar seiras yang tidak terpisah

sepenuhnya.
 Kembar siam ini bercantum pada bahagian

abdomen.
 Mereka boleh dipisahkan melalui

pembedahan sekiranya tidak berkongsi
organ yang penting.

Growth
4.4 Contribution Of Science And Technology To Human

Reproduction

Physical Methods Chemical Methods
Methods Of Contraception
Surgical Methods

Kaedah Fizikal Kaedah Kimia
Kaedah Mencegah Kehamilan
Kaedah Pembedahan

Techniques To Overcome Sterility
• Sperms from a donor are frozen and kept in a sperm

bank
Sperm Bank • The sperm bank provides an immediate source of sperms
which can be used to help married couples whose sterility is
caused by inability of sperms to function.
• Sperms are taken from the husband and transferred into

Artificial the vagina of the wife during the ovulation period
Insemination
• Helps the sperm to fertilise the secondary oocyte and this
increases the chances of fertilisation
• Means fertilisation that takes place outside the body
Invitro • Is used if the Fallopian tubes are blocked or damaged

Fertilisation
(IVF) • Secondary oocytes removed from the ovaries and placed
in a laboratory dish that contains sperms
• Fertilization occurs and the zygote transferred to the
uterus at the eight cells stage
Continue
Teknik Mencegah Kemandulan
• Sperma daripada penderma disejuk-bekukan dan di

simpan dalam bank sperma.
Bank Sperma • Bank sperma merupakan sumber sperma yang sedia
ada untuk menolong pasangan suami isteri yang
mempunyai masalah kemandulan akibat sperma yang
tidak berfungsi.
Permanian • Sperma suami diambil dan dipindahkan ke dalam faraj

Beradas isteri semasa pengovulan.
• Membantu sperma untuk bersenyawa dengan oosit
sekunder dan ini meningkatkan peluang persenyawaan.
• Persenyawaan yang berlaku di luar badan.
Persenyawaan • Digunakan sekiranya tiub Fallopio tersumbat atau rosak.

In vitro
(IVF) • Oosit sekunder dikeluarkan daripada ovari dan
ditempatkan di dalam radas yang mengandungi sperma.
• Persenyawaan berlaku dan zigot dipindahkan ke dalam
uterus pada peringkat lapan sel.
Sambung
Growth
4.5 Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
Longitudinal Section Of A Typical Flower
stigma
anther
stamen
filament style Pistil /
carpel
ovary
ovule

Pembiakan Seks Dalam Tumbuhan Berbunga
Keratan Membujur Sekuntum Bunga
stigma
anter
stamen
filamen stil Pistil /
karpel
ovari
ovul

Structure Of The Anther
Pollen mother cells(2n)

anther
Pollen sacs
 Pollen grains are produced in the anther.
 Each anther has 4 pollen sacs.
 Each pollen sac contains pollen mother cells or microspore mother cells which
are diploid (2n).

Struktur Anter
Sel induk debunga(2n)

anter
Pundi debunga
 Pundi debunga dihasilkan di dalam anter.
 Setiap anter mengandungi 4 pundi debunga.
 Setiap pundi debunga mengandungi sel induk debunga atau sel induk
mikrospora yang diploid (2n).

1. In the ovule, one diploid cell develops to form a embryo sac

mother cell (megaspore mother cell).
2. The embryo sac mother cell divides through meiosis to form

4 haploid cells.
3. Three of these haploid cells degenerate while the remaining

Formation one develop and enlarge to form the embryo sac.
Of 4. The nucleus in the embryo sac divides by mitosis 3 times to
Embryo produce eight haploid nuclei, with four nuclei at each end of
Sac In The the embryo sac.
Ovule
5. One nucleus from each end of the embryo sac moves to the
centre and are called polar nuclei.
6. At one end are 3 antipodal cells that will degenerate.
7. One of the 3 haploid cells at the other end of the embryo sac
will become the egg cell. The other two haploid cells are the
synergid cells.

1. Satu sel diploid akan berkembang membentuk sel induk

pundi embrio (sel induk megaspora).
2. Sel induk pundi embrio membahagi melalui proses meiosis

untuk membentuk 4 sel haploid.
3. Tiga daripada empat sel haploid ini akan merosot manakala
satu lagi sel akan berkembang dan membesar membentuk
pundi embrio.
Pembentukan 4. Nukleus di dalam pundi embrio terbahagi sebanyak tiga kali
Pundi Embrio secara mitosis untuk menghasilkan 8 nukleus haploid
Dalam Ovul dengan 4 nukleus pada setiap hujung pundi embrio.
5. Salah satu daripada empat nukleus di setiap hujung pundi
embrio bergerak ke tengah dan dipanggil nukleus kutub.
6. Tiga lagi sel haploid pada hujung pundi embrio lain menjadi
sel antipodal yang juga akan merosot.
7. Salah satu daripada 3 sel haploid pada hujung pundi embrio

yang lagi satu akan menjadi sel telur. 2 sel haploid yang lain
menjadi sel senergid.

The Formation Of Pollen Grains

Tube
nucleus
Meiosis
Pollen
mother Tetrad (n) Pollen
grains Generative
cell(2n) nucleus
 Each pollen mother cell (2n) divides through meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells
called microspores (n)
 A group of 4 haploid cells is called a tetrad.
 Each tetrad of haploid cells separates and are randomly located in the pollen
sac.
 The haploid nucleus in each microspore divides through mitosis to produce two
nuclei -the generative nucleus and the tube nucleus
Continue
Pembentukan Butir Debunga

Nukleus
tiub
Meiosis
Sel induk
debunga Tetrad (n) Debunga
Nukleus
(2n) penjana
 Setiap sel induk debunga (2n) membahagi melalui meiosis untuk
menghasilkan 4 sel haploid yang dipanggil mikrospora (n).
 Sekumpulan 4 sel haploid ini dipanggil tetrad (n).
 Setiap tetrad sel haploid terasing dan disusun di dalam pundi debunga secara
rawak.
 Nukleus haploid dalam setiap mikrospora membahagi secara mitosis untuk
menghasilkan dua nukleus-nukleus penjana dan nukleus tiub.
Sambung
The Germination Of Pollen Grains
Generative nucleus Male gametes
Tube nucleus Pollen tube Male nucleus
During germination, the generative nucleus will divide to form two male gametes
(male nuclei) in the pollen tube.

Percambahan Butir Debunga
Nukleus penjana Gamet jantan
Nukleus tiub Tiub debunga Nukleus tiub
Semasa percambahan, nukleus penjana akan membahagi untuk membentuk dua

gamet jantan (nukleus jantan) dalam tiub debunga.

The Formation Of The Embryo Sac
Embryo sac
mother cell
(2n)
ovule
3 antipodal cells
.. 2 polar
nuclei
meiosis mitosis mitosis mitosis
egg cell
2 synergid cells
3 cells
degenerate

Pembentukan Pundi Embrio
Sel induk
pundi embrio
(2n)
ovul
3 sel antipodal
.. 2 nukleus
kutub
meiosis mitosis mitosis mitosis
Sel telur
2 sel sinergid
3 sel
merosot

Double Fertilisation In A Flowering Plant
Generative nucleus Pollen grain

Tube nucleus Stigma
Style
Male gametes
Tube nucleus Pollen tube
ovule
Embryo sac Male gamete

Egg cell
2 polar nuclei
Male gamete
ovary

Persenyawaan Ganda Dua Dalam Tumbuhan Berbunga
Nukleus penjana Butir debunga

Nukleus tiub Stigma
Stil
Gamet jantan
Nukleus tiub Tiub debunga
ovul
Pundi embrio Gamet jantan

Sel telur
2 nukleus kutub
Gamet jantan
ovari

Development Of The Zygote After Fertilization
 After fertilization, the diploid zygote develops to form an embryo.
 The embryo develops and differentiates to form plumule, radicle and

cotyledon.
 The triploid nucleus also divides rapidly through mitosis to form the
endosperm.
 The outer integument of the ovule becomes the seed coat or testa, the inner
integument becomes the tegmen which is a thin membranes under the testa.
 The stigma and style wither away.

Perkembangan Zigot Selepas Persenyawaan
 Selepas persenyawaan berlaku, zigot diploid berkembang membentuk embrio.
 Embrio berkembang dan membeza membentuk plumul, radikel dan kotiledon.
 Nukleus triploid juga aktif membahagi secara mitosis membentuk endosperma.
 Lapisan integumen luar ovul akan menjadi kulit biji atau testa, manakala
lapisan integumen dalam menjadi tegmen iaitu membran nipis di bawah testa.
 Stigma dan stil akan menjadi layu.

Growth
4.6 Understanding Growth In Multicellular Organisns

Understanding Growth In Multicellular Organisns
Growth
Growth is a permanent increases in size acquired by an organism in the

course of its development
It involved 3 processes
Cell enlargement
Cell division Cell differentiation
(elongation)

Memahami Pertumbuhan Dalam Organisma Multisel
Pertumbuhan
Pertumbuhan merupakan pertambahan saiz secara kekal dalam

perkembangan organisma.
Melibatkan TIGA proses
Pembahagian sel Pemanjangan sel Pembezaan Sel


Stages Of Growth Development At The Shoot Tip And
Root Tip In Specific Zones
Zone of cell division
The apical meristem divide actively through mitosis.
The meristem cells are small in size, with large nucleus, several small vacuoles
and thin cell wall.
Zone of elongation
The cells elongate and enlarge to increase in size by absorbing water into the
vacuoles through osmosis.
The vacuoles become bigger and the cell mass increases.
Zone of differentiation
The cells undergo differentiation to form specialised cells that will carry out
specific functions.
Example : xylem tissues transport water and mineral salts

Peringkat Perkembangan Pertumbuhan Pada Hujung Akar

Dan Hujung Pucuk
Zon Pembahagian Sel
Meristem apeks giat membahagi secara mitosis.
Sel meristem bersaiz kecil, mempunyai nukleus yang besar, beberapa vakuol
kecil dan dinding sel yang nipis.
Zon Pemanjangan
Sel-sel memanjang dan membesar. Pertambahan saiz sel berlaku dengan sel
menyerap air ke dalam vakuol secara osmosis.
Vakuol bertambah besar dan jisim sel bertambah.
Zon Pembezaan
Sel mengalami pembezaan untuk membentuk sel khusus yang mempunyai fungsi
tertentu.
Contoh: tisu xilem mengangkut air dan garam mineral

Growth Zone At The Root Tip
Xylem vessel
Zone of
differentiation
Cells
Zone of
elongate elongation
Zone of
division
Cells undergoing
mitosis

Zon Pertumbuhan Pada Hujung Akar
Vesel xilem
Zon
pembezaan
Sel
Zon
memanjang pemanjangan
Zon
pembahagian
Sel mengalami
mitosis

Growth
4.7 Understanding The Growth Curve

Understanding The Growth Curve

Growth Curves
The General Growth Curve – An S-Shaped Curve
Mass
a : At first, growth tends to be slow.
b : Growth speeds up, growing at an exponential

rate.
c : Slows down as adult size is reached.
Time d : Stops altogether when it has reached adult

size.

Memahami Lengkung Pertumbuhan
Lengkung Pertumbuhan
Lengkung Pertumbuhan- Lengkung Berbentuk-S
Jisim
a : Kadar pertumbuhan adalah perlahan.
b : Pertumbuhan pesat berlaku pada kadar

eksponen.
c : Kadar pertumbuhan perlahan pada peringkat

dewasa.
Masa d : Pertumbuhan terhenti.


Growth Curves
The Growth Curve Of Human Being – Continuous Growth
Body Mass
AB : Embryo and foetal stage
BC : toddler stage
CD : childhood
Time DE : puberty stage

(years)
EF : adult stage

Lengkung Pertumbuhan Manusia- Pertumbuhan Berterusan
Jisim badan
AB : Peringkat embrio dan fetus
BC : Peringkat kanak-kanak bertatih
CD : Kanak-kanak
Masa DE : Peringkat akil baligh

(tahun)
EF : Peringkat dewasa


Growth Curves
The Growth Curve Of Insect - Discrete Growth
Body Length
Increases in size due to moulting

(ecdysis) by taking in air.
Explanation
Time

Lengkung Pertumbuhan Serangga- Pertumbuhan Diskrit
Panjang badan
Saiz bertambah disebabkan oleh

proses penyalinan rangka luar
(ekdisis) secara menyedut udara
dengan banyak.
Penjelasan
Masa

Growth
4.8 Primary And Secondary Growth In Plants

Gamete Formation
Types Of Growth In Plants
Primary Growth
• Limited growth (annual plants)
• After a period of maximum growth, the plants go through negative growth before
dying.
• Example : most monocotyledons and herbaceous dicotyledons plants
Secondary Growth
• Unlimited growth (Perennials plants)
• The growth curve shows a series of continuous sigmoid curves.
• Example : Woody plants such as teak, oak.

Pembentukan Gamet
Jenis Pertumbuhan Pada Tumbuhan
Pertumbuhan primer
• Pertumbuhan terhad (tumbuhan tahunan/semusim)
• Selepas melepasi satu tahap pertumbuhan maksimum, tumbuhan akan

mengalami pertumbuhan negatif sebelum mati.
• Contoh : Kebanyakan tumbuhan monokotiledon dan tumbuhan herba
dikotiledon.
Pertumbuhan sekunder
• Pertumbuhan tidak terhad (Tumbuhan saka)

• Lengkung pertumbuhan menunjukkan satu siri lengkung pertumbuhan
berterusan sigmoid.
• Contoh : Tumbuhan berkayu seperti oak dan jati

Primary Growth In The Shoot Tip
Zone of cell division Apical meristem

Zone of elongation
Zone of Phloem
differentiation
Permanent tissues Axillary

bud
Primary Growth In The Root Tip
Permanent tissues Root hair

Zone of Xylem
differentiation Phloem
Zone of elongation Cell elongates
Zone of cell division Apical meristem

Root cap
Pertumbuhan Primer Pada Hujung Pucuk
Zon pembahagian sel Meristem apeks

Zon pemanjangan
Floem
Zon pembezaan
Tunas aksil
Tisu kekal
Pertumbuhan Primer Pada Hujung Akar
Tisu kekal Rambut akar

Xilem
Zon pembezaan
Floem
Zon pemanjangan Sel memanjang
Meristem apeks
Zon pembahagian
sel Jidal akar
Gamete Formation
Secondary Growth In Dicotyledon Plants
Secondary growth in dicotyledon plants involves
the vascular cambium that is

the cork cambium that is below the
between the xylem and phloem
epidermis
tissues in the vascular bundle

Pembentukan Gamet
Pertumbuhan Sekunder Pada Tumbuhan Dikotiledon
Pertumbuhan sekunder pada tumbuhan dikotiledon

melibatkan
Kambium vaskular yang terletak

Kambium gabus yang terletak di
diantara tisu xilem dan floem pada
bawah epidermis.
berkas vaskular.

Gamete Formation
Secondary Growth In Dicotyledonous Stem
• The vascular cambium divides actively through mitosis to form a cambium ring.
• The vascular cambium cells in between the primary xylem and primary phloem
divide to produce two layers of cells.
• The cells in the inner differentiate to form secondary xylem while the other layer
forms the secondary phloem.
• The primary xylem is pushed towards the pith while the primary phloem is
pushed towards the epidermis.
• The addition of secondary tissues cause the epidermis to be stretched and split.
• The cork cambium divides actively to form an outer layer of cork cells and an
inner secondary cortex.
• The walls of the cork cells contain a waxy substance called suberin which is
impermeable to water.
• The cork replaces the split and cracked epidermis.

Pembentukan Gamet
Pertumbuhan Sekunder Pada Batang Dikotiledon
• Kambium vaskular membahagi dengan aktif secara mitosis untuk membentuk

gelang kambium.
• Sel kambium vaskular yang terdapat di antara xilem primer dan floem primer
membahagi menghasilkan dua lapisan sel baru.
• Lapisan dalam sel akan membeza dan membentuk xilem sekunder manakala
lapisan luar membentuk floem sekunder.
• Akibatnya, xilem primer ditolak ke arah empulur dan floem primer ditolak ke arah
epidermis.
• Pertambahan tisu sekunder menyebabkan epidermis menegang dan pecah.
• Kambium gabus membahagi dengan giat membentuk lapisan luar sel gabus dan
lapisan dalam korteks sekunder.
• Dinding sel gabus mengandungi bahan berlilin yang dipanggil suberin. Bahan ini
tidak telap kepada air.
• Gabus menggantikan epidermis yang pecah dan rekah.

Gamete Formation
Secondary Growth In Dicotyledonous Root
• The vascular cambium divides to form a cambium ring.
• The cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem on the inner side and
secondary phloem on the outer side.
• The pericycle cells divide to form a cork cambium.
• The cork cambium divides to produce cork cells that protect the root tissues.

Pembentukan Gamet
Pertumbuhan Sekunder Pada Akar Dikotiledon
• Kambium vaskular membahagi membentuk gelang kambium.
• Sel kambium membahagi untuk menghasilkan xilem sekunder di bahagian

dalam dan floem sekunder di bahagian luar.
• Sel perisikel membahagi membentuk kambium gabus.
• Kambium gabus membahagi untuk menghasilkan sel gabus yang berfungsi

untuk melindungi akar.

The End
i - Teach

Form 5 Chapter 4 Reproduction and Growth

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Form 5 Chapter 4 Reproduction and Growth

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 4 Reproduction And

4.1 Gamete Formation

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Male Reproductive Organs

Urethra Sperm duct

A special sac in which Testis

Organ Pembiakan Lelaki

Uretra Duktus sperma

Female Reproductive Organs

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Organ Pembiakan Perempuan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Structure Of A Male Gemete (Sperm)

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Struktur Gamet Jantan (Sperma)

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Structure Of A Female Gamete (Ovum)

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Struktur Gamet Betina (Ovum)

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Fertilization Of An Egg By A Sperm

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Persenyawaan Telur Oleh Sperma

Satu membran terbentuk

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Formation Of Ovum (Oogenesis)

Oogenesis (Schematic diagram)

Pembentukan Ovum (Oogenesis)

Folikel Graaf yang

Formation of sperm (spermatogenesis)

Structure Of The Testis

Each testis contains numerous

Spermatogenesis (Schematic diagram)

Pembentukan Sperma (Spermatogenesis)

Setiap testis mengandungi

Spermatogenesis (Rajah skematik)

4.2 Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

The development of follicles in the ovary stimulates the secretion of oestrogen.

Peranan Hormon Dalam Kitar Haid

Ketika haid, kelenjar pituitari dirangsang untuk merembeskan hormon perangsang

Perkembangan folikel pula akan merangsang perembesan hormon estrogen.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Role Of Hormones In The Menstrual Cycle

1. During copulation, about 400 million sperms are released.

6. The fertilised egg is known as a zygote.

7. The zygote undergoes mitosis to form a zygote with two cells.

8. Both cells then divide to form a zygote with four cells.

ITeach – Biology Form 5

1. Semasa persanggamaan, lebih kurang 400 juta sperma dibebaskan.

2. Sperma akan melalui vagina, uterus dan tiub Fallopio.

6. Telur yang disenyawakan dikenali sebagai zigot.

8. Kedua-dua sel kemudian membahagi membentuk zigot peringkat empat sel.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

4.3 Early Development Of A Zygote In Humans

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Early Development Of A Zygote In Humans

The Relationship Between Blood Supply Of Embryo, Placenta And Uterus

blood sinuses in uterus

(deoxygenated blood) Mother’s

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Hubungan Antara Bekalan Darah Embrio, Plasenta dan Uterus