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• At the end of this lecture, the student should
Previous be able to:
– Describe the theory of early warning system
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including TCAS & GPWS
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Mid-Air Collision
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• Worst Mid-Air Collision in History
Previous • Mid-air collision occurred on 12 November 1996
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• Saudi Arabian Airlines (Boeing 747)from New Delhi,
India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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• Kazakhstan Airlines (Ilyushin Il-76) from Kazakhstan to
New Delhi
• Both aircrafts collided at India airspace.
• All 349 people on board both flights were killed, making
it the WORST mid-air collision in history
Causes of Accident
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The causes of accident are:
Previous • Failure of the Kazakh pilot to follow ATC instructions.
– Commanded by ATC to descend at altitude 15’000ft, but he
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descend to altitude 14’500ft.
Help • Lack of English Language Skills of Kazakh pilot.
• Indira Gandhi International Airport did not have
secondary surveillance radar, which produces exact
readings of aircraft altitudes; instead the airport had
outdated primary radar, which produced approximate
readings.
• No TCAS
Case 2:
Bashkirian Airlines collided with DHL
Home • Bashkirian Airlines (Tupolev Tu-154M) passenger jet en
route from Moscow to Barcelona.
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• DHL Flight 611 (Boeing 757) cargo jet flying from
Bergamo, Italy, to Brussels, Belgium.
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• The two aircraft collided in mid-air on 1 July 2002, in
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Germany airspace killing all 71 aboard both aircraft.
• The Investigation found that the accident had been
caused by problems within the air traffic control system
and problems with the use of the Traffic alert and
Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
• On 24 February 2004, the ATC who was on duty at the
time, was stabbed to death by a man who had lost his
wife and two children in the accident.
Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance
System (TCAS)
Home • TCAS is a special system designed to reduce the
incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft.
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HOW TCAS WORKS
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• Targets are displayed on the TCAS screen as
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different symbols which show level of threat.
• Aircraft relative altitude also will be displayed.
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TCAS
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• Determination of the alerts: TA & RA
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• Traffic Advisory (TA)- help the pilots in the
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visual search for the intruder aircraft, and alert
them to be ready for a potential resolution
Help advisory. EX: TA “Traffic, Traffic”
• Resolution Advisory (RA)- avoidance maneuvers
recommended to the pilot. RA “Climb, Climb”
• Range = 14 NM
• Maximum number of aircraft processed = 30
TYPICAL TCAS DISPLAY
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TCAS Display
In modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the
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Navigation Display
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TCAS Advantages
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• Highly accurate distance measurements, with a
Previous one-second refresh rate.
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• All threats taken into account
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• Detection of all transponding aircraft, including
those which are not displayed on the air traffic
controller’s screen
• Independent system, which acts as a last resort
measure to avoid mid-air collision when other
safety precautions fail.
• TCAS reduced the risk of mid-air collision
TCAS Limitations
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• No detection of aircraft without or not
Previous operating transponders (e.g. VFRs, military
flights)
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