PRINCIPLES OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
CONVERSION

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Electrical terminals: e and i
Mechanical terminals: ffld and x
Losses separated from energy storage mechanism
Interaction through magnetic stored energy

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 ENERGY BALANCE
Energy neither created nor destroyed, it only changes the form.

Energy balance equation is written for motor action below

Energy input  Mechanical   Increase in   Energy 
 from electric    energy    energy stored   converted 
       
 sources   output  in magnetic field   to heat 

For lossless magnetic-energy-storage system

d Welec  d Wm ech  d W fld

d Welec : Differenti al electrical energy input

d Wm ech : Differenti al mechanical energy output
d W fld : Differenti al change in magnetic stored energy
 Determination of Magnetic force
and Torque From Energy
Time rate of change of Wfld (field energy) equals to the difference
of input electrical power and output mechanical power for
lossless systems.
d W fld dx
 e i  f fld
dt dt
or

d W fld d dx
 i  f fld
dt dt dt
d W fld  i d  f fld dx
Force can be solved as a function of flux linkage λ and position x.

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The magnetic circuit can be described by an inductance which is a
function of the geometry and permeability of the magnetic material.
When air-gap exist in most cases Rgap>>Rcore and energy storage
occurs in the gap.
Magnetic nonlinearity and core losses neglected in practical
devices.
Flux linkage and current linearly related.

  L( x) i
Energy equation

d W fld  i d  f fld dx

Wfld uniquely specified by the value of λ and x. Thus, λ and x are

called STATE VARIABLES.

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DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC FORCE AND TORQUE FROM
ENERGY

Consider any state function F(x1, x2), the total differential of F

with respect to the two variables x1 and x2

F F
d F ( x1 , x2 )  d x1  d x2
 x1 x2
 x2 x1
Similarly, for energy function Wfld(λ, x)

W fld  W fld
dW fld ( , x)  d  dx
 x
x 

d W fld ( , x)  i d  f fld dx

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 W fld
i , X  constant
 x
W fld
f fld  ,  constant
x 

1  2
W fld ( , X ) 
2 L( x)
1  2
( )
W fld 2 L( x)   L( x)
2
f fld    2
x x 2 L ( x)  x
1 L ( x)i  L( x) 1 2  L( x)
2 2
f fld   i [   L( x)i ]
2 L ( x)  x
2
2 x 7
 Torque
Once we know the energy, current and more importantly force
can be calculated.

For a system with rotating mechanical terminal

f fld  T fld x 
d W fld ( ,  )  i d  T fld d

W fld ( , )
T fld  
 
 W fld ( ,  )
T fld   ,  constant
 

1  2
W fld ( ,  ) 
2 L( )
1  2
( )
W fld 2 L( )   L( )
2
T fld    2
  2 L ( ) 
1 L ( )i  L( ) 1 2  L( )
2 2
T fld   i [   L( )i ]
2 L ( ) 
2
2 
Example 3.4:The magnetic circuit below consists of a single-coil stator
and an oval rotor. Because the air-gap is nonuniform, the coil
inductance varies with rotor angular position, measured between the
magnetic axis of the stator coil and the major axis of the rotor, as

L( )  L0  L2 cos (2 )

where where L0=10.6 mH and L2=2.7 mH. Note the second-
harmonic variation of inductance with rotor angle θ.

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 DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC FORCE AND TORQUE FROM
COENERGY

d W fld ( , x)  i d  f fld dx
Mathematically manipulated to define a new state function
known as the COENERGY, from which force can be obtained
directly as a function of current.
 (i, x)  i   W fld ( , x)
W fld
d (i,  )  id  di, [  constant, id  0)

 (i, x)   di  f fld dx
d W fld

Note that energy and coenergy

equal for linear systems.
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 
W fld 
 W fld
 (i, x) 
dW fld di  dx
i x
x i

 (i, x)   di  f fld dx
d W fld

 (i, x)
W fld  (i, x)
W fld
 f fld 
i x
x i

i
 (i, x)    (i, x) di
W fld
0

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 1
 (i, x )  L( x )i 2
W fld
2
1 2  L( x)
f fld  i [   L( x )i ]
2 x

 (i,  )   di  W fld
d W fld  (i,  )

 (i, ))
W fld
T fld   , i constant
 i

1
 (i,  )  L( )i 2
W fld
2
1 2  L( )
T fld  i [   L( )i ]
2  13
Effect of x on the energy and coenergy of a singly-excited device: (a)
change of energy with  held constant; (b) change of coenergy with i held
constant. Figure

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ENERGY CONVERSION

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 MULTIPLY-EXCITED MAGNETIC FIELD SYSTEMS

Many electromechanical devices have multiple electrical terminals.

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USING ENERGY FUNCTON:
d W fld (1 , 2 , )  i1 d1  i2 d2  T fld d
20 10
W fld (10 , 20 ,0 )   i2 (1  0, 2 ,  0 ) d2   i1 (1, 2  20 ,  0 ) d1
0 0

For magnetically linear systems

1  L11 i1  L12 i2
2  L21 i1  L22 i2

L22 1  L12 2  L21 1  L11 2

i1  i2 
D D

D  L11L22  L12L21

Integration path to obtain Wfld(10, 20, 0).

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ENERGY CONVERSION

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ENERGY CONVERSION

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ENERGY CONVERSION

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ENERGY CONVERSION

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 20 10
L11(0 ) 2 L22 (0 ) 1  L12 (0 ) 20
W fld (10 , 20 ,0 )   d2   d1
0 D(0 ) 0 D(0 )

L11( 0 ) 2 L22 ( 0 ) 2 L12 ( 0 )

W fld (10 , 20 , 0 )  20  10  10 20
2 D( 0 ) 2 D( 0 ) D( 0 )

W fld
T fld  
 1 , 2
 USING COENERGY FUNCTON:

 (i1 , i2 , )  1 di1  2 di2  T fld d

d W fld
i20 i10
 (i10 , i20 ,0 )   2 (i1  0, i2 ,   0 ) di2   1 (i1, i2  i20 ,  0 ) di1
W fld
0 0

1  L11 i1  L12 i2

2  L21 i1  L22 i2
L11( 0 ) 2 L22 ( 0 ) 2
 (i10 , i20 , 0 ) 
W fld i10  i20  L12 ( 0 ) i10 i20
2 2


W fld
T fld 
 i1 ,i2
 i12 d L11( ) i22 d L22 ( ) d L12 ( )
T fld    i1 i2
2 d 2 d d
For a general n electrical terminal

 1   L11 L12  L1n   i1 

   L  L2n  i2 
 2    21 L22 λ  L( ) I
      
    
n   Ln1 Ln 2  Lnn  in 

1 T 1 T d L( )
  I L( ) I
W fld T fld  I I
2 2 dθ
Example 3.7: In the figure, the inductances in henrys are given as
L11=(3+cos 2θ)x10-3; L12=0.3 cos θ; L22=30+10 cos 2θ. Find and plot
the torque Tfld(θ) for current i1=0.8 A and i2=0.01 A.

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 3
T fld  (1.64 sin 2  2.4 sin  ) 10

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