SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

ROHIT VERMA DR. ANITA BERWAL

ROLL NO. _______________
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 INDEX
S.NO TOPIC SIGNATURE

1. Paragraph

2. Thinking

3. Negotiation skill

4. Resume

5. Letter

6. Workshop

7. Seminar

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 WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH?
• A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings. When
writing essays, research papers, books, etc., new paragraphs are indented to
show their beginnings. Each new paragraph begins with a new indentation.
• The purpose of a paragraph is to express a speaker’s thoughts on a particular
point in a clear way that is unique and specific to that paragraph. In other words,
paragraphs shouldn’t be mixing thoughts or ideas. When a new idea is
introduced, generally, a writer will introduce a new paragraph.
• A paragraph can be referred as a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually
dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or
numbering.
• A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all
related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than
a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs
show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help
the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.
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 RULES OF PARAGRAPH WRITING
Element 1
• Unity. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every
paragraph has one single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic
sentence, which is typically the first sentence of the paragraph. A
paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting
sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good
topic sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want
to make. Decide which point drives the rest, and then write it as your
topic sentence.

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 Element 2
• Order. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you
choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of
detail, a solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered
paragraph, the reader follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established.
Order helps the reader grasp your meaning and avoid confusion.
Element 3
• Coherence. Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable.
Sentences within a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a
whole. One of the best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words. These
words create bridges from one sentence to the next. You can use transition words that
show order (first, second, third); spatial relationships (above, below) or logic
(furthermore, in addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph, using a consistent verb
tense and point of view are important ingredients for coherency.

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 Element 4
• Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences
clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If
there are not enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the
paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic
sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The
concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main
idea by reinforcing your topic sentence.

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 SAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Environment Pollution
Environment is our natural surroundings that allow all living species to grow, nourish and
destroy naturally on earth. Environment influences the growth and development of all the
living species. Our environment gives us so much and in return we need to care for and
protect our environment. Like we all design and maintain our homes for a comfortable life,
we also need to design and maintain our environment to lead a comfortable and healthy life
when we step out of our home. Like we all dream for a beautiful home, our nation dreams for
a beautiful environment. Everything around us is environment. It refers to everything that
surrounds and affects us. Our ecosystem is the community of living organisms and non-living
components like air, water, soil and minerals. Environment includes atmosphere, vegetation,
land, soil, natural phenomena, air, water, climate and all the natural resources etc. Living
elements such as animals, birds, plants etc. are the biotic factors whereas the abiotic factors
include water, air, sunlight etc. Biotic and abiotic factors interact and influence each other.
The four spheres of environment are Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere.
Besides natural environment, there is the man-made environment i.e. the areas in which man
has transformed the land for personal use for urbanization and agricultural production, etc.

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 REPORT ON ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Contents:
Project report on Introduction to Environmental pollution
Project report on the Meaning of environmental Pollution
Project report on the Types of Environmental Pollution
Project report on the Sources of Environmental Pollution
Project report on the Effect of pollution on the Environment
1. Introduction to Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity

and other life forms on our planet today. Environmental pollution is defined as
“the contamination of the physical and biological components of the
earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental
processes are adversely affected.” Pollutants can be naturally occurring
substances or energies, but they are considered contaminants when in excess of
natural levels. Any use of natural resources at a rate higher than nature’s
capacity to restore itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land.

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2. Meaning of environmental Pollution:
Environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings,
wholly or largely as a byproduct of man’s actions, through direct or indirect
effects of the changes in the energy pattern, radiation levels, and chemical and
physical constitution and abundance of organisms. Environmental pollution is a
global problem and is common to both developed as well as developing
countries, which attracts the attention of human beings for its severe long-
term consequences.

3. Types of Environmental Pollution:

a) Air Pollution
b) Water Pollution
c) Land Pollution
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4. Sources of Environmental Pollution
Pollution in all forms is a major environmental issue in India. Any undesirable
change in the environment, air, water, land, soil, etc. can be termed as pollution.
These changes could be in the physical, chemical or even biological changes. The
agents that bring about or cause this pollution are called pollutants.
• Air Pollution – When the atmosphere is filled with toxic gases released as result
of industrial or other economic activities, it results in polluting the atmosphere
and the air in the environment. This is nothing but air pollution.
• Water Pollution – With the natural water resources depleting day by day, water
is a scarce commodity. But, even in these times, the water sources are polluted
by pollutants from various sources, making them unfit for human consumption.
• Garbage Pollution – When we do not adhere to proper waste disposal
mechanisms, waste accumulates, causing garbage pollution. So the only way to
address this issue is to ensure a proper waste disposal system that does not
contaminate the environment.

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5. Effect of pollution on the Environment:
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Infertility of land
Effects on buildings or infrastructure formed by humans
Eutrophication of water & land bodies
Destruction of different ecosystems
Depletion of earth’s atmosphere

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 Editing of a paragraph
Environment Pollution
Our environment is affected by our daily actions. The earth is plagued with land, air and water
pollution. Some of the problems we face on earth are: deforestation, nuclear waste, acid rain,
global warming, overpopulation and some animals are endangered. Air pollution has many
different sources. Power-generated plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, and steel mills contribute
to about 140 million tons of pollutants into the air every year. Automobiles account for at least 80
percent, of air pollution; the heaviest polluter. Another type of air pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is
formed when sulfur and nitrogen are distributed from factories, automobiles and power plants.
Solid waste such as tires, diapers and plastics are buried in landfills each year. It takes generations
for them to decompose. Today, there are laws that penalize manufacturing plants that dispose
hazardous wastes. These plants dump these hazardous materials in nearby woods or dump them
into streams (this practice was common fifty years ago). We need rain forests for survival. Rain
forests pump fresh oxygen into the atmosphere, protect soil from erosion and absorb carbon
dioxide. Rain forests cover 4.5 billion acres and accounts for 7 percent of the earth's land. The
Amazon in Brazil is the largest rain forest (2 million acres). The fate of today's rain forest is in
trouble. A process called deforestation is the leading problem. Deforestation is the process of
cutting down forests to use the land for farming and grazing cattle. Farmers "slash and burn" forest
turning them into desert land. Brazil promised to implement laws that were tougher to protect the
Amazon. These laws cut deforestation in half. By 1994, the burning started again and in 1996 the
burning was at it's worst.

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MEANING

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 TYPES OF THINKING
Abstract Thinking
• Abstract thinkers are able to relate seemingly random things with each other. This is
because they can see the bigger picture. They make the connections that others find
difficult to see.
• They have the ability to look beyond what is obvious and search for hidden meanings.
They can read between the lines and enjoy solving cryptic puzzles. They don’t like routine
and get bored easily.
Analytical Thinking
• Analytical thinkers like to separate a whole into its basic parts in order to examine these
parts and their relationships. They are great problem-solvers and have a structured and
methodical way of approaching tasks.
• This type of thinker will seek answers and use logic rather than emotional thinking in life.
However, they have a tendency to overthink things and can ruminate on the same
subject for months. 16
 Creative Thinking
• Creative thinkers think outside the box and will come up with
ingenious solutions to solve their dilemmas in life. They like to break
away from the traditions and norms of society when it comes to new
ideas and ways of thinking.
• They can sometimes be ridiculed as society prefers to keep the status
quo. Creative thinkers can also court jealously if they manage to follow
their dreams and work in a creative field.
Concrete Thinking
• Concrete thinking focuses on the physical world, rather than the
abstract one. It is all about thinking of objects or ideas as specific
items, rather than as a theoretical representation of a more general
idea.
• Concrete thinkers like hard facts, figures and statistics. For example,
you will not get any philosophers who think in concrete terms.
Children think in concrete terms as it is a very basic and literal form of
understanding.

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 Convergent thinking
• Convergent thinking is a process of combining a finite number of
perspectives or ideas to find a single solution. Convergent thinkers will
target these possibilities, or converge them inwards, to come up with
a solution.
• One example is a multiple choice question in an exam. You have four
possible answers but only one is right. In order to solve the problem,
you would use convergent thinking.
Divergent thinking
• By contrast, divergent thinking is the opposite of convergent thinking.
It is a way of exploring an infinite number of solutions to find one that
is effective. So, instead of starting off with a set number of possibilities
and converging on an answer, it goes as far and wide as necessary and
moves outwards in search of the solution.

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• Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives explains that the process of thinking actually
involves several levels. Infants and toddlers use mostly the first two levels, but by age 3 children
can use all six.
• 1. Gathering knowledge consists of acquiring basic pieces of information. Asking children to
identify and describe objects encourages thinking on this level.
• 2. Comprehending and confirming involves looking at the meaning of the knowledge that has
been gathered and drawing conclusions from it. A good question to encourage this level of
thinking might be, for example, "The yellow sponge floats. What about the other sponges?"
• 3. Applying entails using what has been learned in new situations. Asking children to consider a
newly learned fact as they build or make something can foster this level of thinking.
• 4. Analyzing involves thinking about a whole in terms of its various parts. You can encourage this
level of thinking by asking children what materials could be used for a particular classroom
project.
• 5. Synthesizing consists of putting parts together to form a whole. Asking children how to use an
array of materials to create something, for example, invites thinking on this level.
• 6. Evaluating entails making comparisons and judgments. You can encourage this level
of thinking by asking children which of the materials they used worked the best.
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 REFLECTIVE TEACHING
• Reflective teaching means looking at what you do in the classroom, thinking
about why you do it, and thinking about if it works - a process of self-
observation and self-evaluation.
• By collecting information about what goes on in our classroom, and by analyzing
and evaluating this information, we identify and explore our own practices and
underlying beliefs. This may then lead to changes and improvements in our
teaching.
• Reflective teaching is therefore a means of professional development which
begins in our classroom.

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 SOME GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR TEACHERS
Did I motivate them enough to continue on?
Are students learning from the activity? If so, why? If not, why?
Am I relating the lesson to their knowledge and interests? How
can I do better?
How good was my classroom management skills?

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 DEFINITION
• Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a
process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding
argument and dispute.
• In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the
best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organization
they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual
benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful
outcome.

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 STAGES OF NEGOTIATION
Five Stages of a Negotiation
Identify potential value
Stage 1: Prepare Begin to understand interests
Develop fact-base
Discovering and creating value
Stage 2: Information Exchange and Validation Assess interests
Build rapport and trust
Create and distribute value
Stage 3: Bargain Address interests
Make and manage concessions
Capture value
Stage 4: Conclude Confirm interests have been met
Thank them
Expand value
Stage 5: Execute Addressing changing interests
Strengthen relationships
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Stage 1 – Prepare
There is no good short cut to Preparation. It is the first stage of any negotiation, though
people often don't give it the time it warrants. They often charge into the Information
Exchange Stage, or even directly to Bargaining.
Preparation starts with determining if this is a potential collaborative situation so that you
can select the better strategy. Next you spend time researching information, analyzing
data and leverage, and identifying interests and positions. Finally, you have to consider the
relationship you want to build.

Stage 2 – Information Exchange

The Information Exchange Stage occurs when you begin to engage the other side, share
information and explore options that address interests – what you each need, as opposed
to positions – what you each ask for later in the Bargaining Stage.

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Stage 3 – Bargain
Bargaining is where the "give-and-take" happens. If you think success means all take and
no give, you won't capture real value. You make and manage your concessions in
bargaining. When you give and take that which satisfies both parties' interests, you will
build a lasting relationship and a fruitful outcome. During the Bargaining Stage, you
continue to create value, and with trades, finally capture value.

Stage 4 – Conclude
Stage 4 is the point in the process when you reach agreement. It is important to find out if
the other side has the capacity to follow through with the things they said they would do.
This is the time to put down in writing the common interests and produce a
comprehensive summary of the agreement. Sometimes you have to consider strategies
here to lock-in a commitment. Be sure to agree on next steps as well. And never forget to
thank the other party for their willingness to negotiate – even when no agreement is
reached.

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Stage 5 – Execute
Stage 5 is implementation of the agreement. This stage may also be viewed as
preparation for the next negotiation opportunity. You must ensure that you follow
through on promises made in order to strengthen the relationship and to build trust. You
will learn more in this stage about the other side. This will lead to easier negotiations
next time around. And remember that during execution you are likely to apply the total
negotiation process and BNPs to unexpected events, failures in performance and the
inevitable changes.

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 NEGOTIATING SKILLS FOR TEACHERS
One of the most important skills teachers need for classroom
management is negotiation. Teachers and students have very different
relationships than in generations past, as students and parents are more
aware of their rights and less likely to consider the teacher to be always
right. This can make relationships between teachers and students
stronger in that students feel like they are heard and respected as
teachers teach and model good communication skills to students.
Learning the art of negotiation can make your classroom a place of
constant learning as struggles between students or between student and
teacher become teachable moments.

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 Negotiating with Students

Every classroom has challenging days, and learning to negotiate with students through
all of their emotional ups and downs helps teachers stay balanced, focused and in
control. Establishing clear policies, procedures and expectations at the beginning of
each term will help cut down on conflicts. But when they do arise, having strong
negotiating skills can help. Conversations that begin with positive language like, “I
understand you are frustrated in my class, and I am here to help you. Can you explain
what is causing the biggest problem?” Have your class syllabus on hand so you can
refer the student back to what he already knows and ask him what about the syllabus
is confusing or hard to understand. Ask your student what he feels is an appropriate
response to the problem, and help him come up with ways to go forward and be
successful. Letting the student take some amount of control gives him ownership of
the problem and lets him know you heard his concerns and are ready to help.

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 Negotiating Between Students

Conflicts in the classroom often arise between students, and teachers can find
themselves mediating to keep control. Modeling strong negotiation skills along the
way prepares when conflicts need to be dealt with. If possible, remove the two
students from the situation that is causing the conflict; have them step outside with
you to cut down on escalation in the classroom. Make sure to provide a task that will
keep the other students busy. Begin the conversation between the two students by
allowing them to explain their positions. After each has had a turn, begin your
negotiation by summarizing what each student has told you. Start by saying, “What I
hear you saying, Mark, is that it frustrates you when Jim does…” Do the same thing
for the other student. Ask each to provide what he thinks would be the best solution
and get them to agree to a plan. This can take just a few minutes or a few meetings
over time. You may also need the help of a principal or counselor if you think the
situation is more than can be handled in just a few minutes.
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 Negotiating with Parents
Teaching requires good communication skills, including when negotiating with parents
when they feel their child has been treated unjustly. Make yourself available to
communicate with parents at any time during the school year, not just at conference
time. Provide an e-mail address and voice-mail number where you can be contacted at
any time. When parents come in for a meeting, be sure you have all the information you
provided the student on hand to show them. Letting them know that all students have
equal and multiple opportunities to get information and be successful can defuse
difficult situations. Always use positive language when speaking about a child. Let the
parents know you are on their child’s side and want her to be successful. If the parents
still feel their child needs some special consideration, offer additional help, after-school
tutoring or testing to see if there is a learning problem. Be flexible and willing to hear
what the parents are saying, and negotiate changes in things such as homework
amounts and time given in class to work.

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 Negotiating with Other Professionals

An often surprising place where negotiation skills are important for teachers is when
communicating with other educators. Classrooms, multipurpose rooms, computers and
supplies must be shared in equitable ways, and teachers can find themselves at odds with
each other during busy times of the year. To keep professional relationships positive,
learn to communicate in encouraging ways during staff meetings. Find ways to be flexible
when scheduling field trips, assemblies and class parties. Be a leader when it comes to
helping others find ways to compromise, and use your negotiation skills to mediate and
support whenever possible. Teachers are human and can have bad days. Learn to look for
opportunities to encourage others and make friends of everyone you can. This will get
you the respect of your co-workers and more opportunities to negotiate and solve
problems.

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 What is a “Resume”?
A resume is a one- to two-page document that sums up a job seeker's
qualifications for the jobs they're interested in. More than just a formal job
application, a resume is a marketing tool that job seekers use to
communicate their value to employers. A resume summarizes the most
important information an employer needs to know when they consider a
new hire. The job seeker's relevant qualifications, training, and work
history are listed under easily understood resume headings such as
"Summary of Qualifications," "Professional Experience," or "Education."

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 ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN A RESUME
A typical resume will include the following:
Contact information
Job seeker's name, address, phone numbers, and email.
Objective or Summary of Qualifications
Relevant and impressive qualifications for the desired position, presented at the top
of the page, directly under the contact information.
Work History
Present and/or past employment, including dates, companies, job titles, and relevant
skills and accomplishments.
Education
Highest level of education completed.
If appropriate for your field or job, it can also include topics under such headings as
Achievements, Licenses, Computer Skills, Professional Affiliations, and Related
Coursework.

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 Rules for writing a resume
1. Keep it to One Page
2. Avoid Spelling or Grammar Errors
3. Watch Your Tenses
4. Avoid the First Person Pronouns
5. Send Your Resume as a PDF
6. Label Your Resume File Correctly
7. Format in a Logical Structure
8. Make Sure it’s Easy to Read
9. Keep it Organized and Visually Appealing
10. Don’t Include References
11. Don’t List everything you’ve ever done
12. Think about the Person Reading Your Resume
13. Think about What Makes You Different
14. Think About the Specific Job You’re Applying To
15. Think of This as a Storytelling Document
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 PURPOSE OF A RESUME
The purpose of a resume is to provide a summary of your skills, abilities
and accomplishments. It is a quick advertisement of who you are. It is a
"snapshot" of you with the intent of capturing and emphasizing interests
and secure you an interview. It is not an autobiography. Since your resume
is a primary tool in your job search, it needs to be carefully written and
critiqued. The rest of this website is designed to guide you through the
process.

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 Every professional letter should contain the following, in this order:
Sender's address
Date
Recipient's address (also called the inside address)
Salutation (e.g. "To Whom It May Concern")
Body
Closing (e.g. "Sincerely")
Enclosures (Type the word "Enclosures" if there are other documents included with
the letter, e.g. your resume. You may list the documents when more than one is
included.)
Signature
Typist's initials if you did not type the letter yourself.

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The Om Shanti Retreat Centre (ORC), is a unique learning centre of the Brahma Kumaris, that provides
higher education in the art of living as well as training. It was inaugurated by the then Honorable President
of India Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, on 19th April, 2003.
The retreat centre is spread in over 28-acre and is situated in peaceful, sylvan surroundings, 60 kilometers
from the hustle and bustle of the national capital, New Delhi, in Gurgaon district of Haryana. Equipped with
ultra-modern facilities for learning and rejuvenation, the centre has several departments are in place for its
smooth functioning.
The centre aims at developing a holistic personality of individuals by empowering them to inculcate higher
order values of life and providing the training in Rajyoga Meditation. This naturally improves the
functioning of institutions in which they work. ORC is a recognized Regional Resources Centre of Union HRD
Ministry for Education in Human Values.
Raja Yoga meditation is a form of meditation that is accessible to people of all backgrounds. It is a
meditation without rituals or mantras and can be practiced anywhere at any time. Raja Yoga meditation is
practiced with ‘open eyes', which makes this method of meditation versatile, simple and easy to practice.
Meditation is a state of being in that place just beyond every day consciousness, which is where spiritual
empowerment begins. Spiritual awareness gives us the power to choose good and positive thoughts over
those which are negative and wasteful. We start to respond to situations, rather than just reacting to them.
We begin to live with harmony, we create better and happier, healthier relationships and change our lives
in a most positive way.

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 Benefits of Rajyoga meditation
• Understanding the self
• Realizing one’s potential
• Ability to face challenges
• Ability to express positive feelings
• Release from tension
• Freedom from anxiety and fear
• Improved concentration

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A group of participants spent an average of 27 minutes each day meditating and
introspecting. Their response to a questionnaire showed remarkable improvements.
The researchers did MRI scans of their brains. The scans indicated improvements in the
brain area related to learning, memory, self-awareness, compassion and introspection.
They also showed measurable changes in brain regions associated with memory, sense
of self, empathy and stress.

LEVEL 1 Workshop Contents: Meditation practices:

i. Initiation of Agni Chakra
ii. Shanti Meditation Initiation
iii. Thureeyam Meditation Initiation
iv. Panchabhut Navgreha (5 Elements, 9 Planets) Meditation

This is a 2 day course and classes begin at 9:00 am and ends at 5:00 pm.

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Find physical comfort
Elongate the spine
Find a comfortable hand position
Relax the shoulders
Relax the jaw and tongue
Relax the eyes

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Meditation is the process of quieting the mind in order to spend time in
thought for relaxation or religious/spiritual purposes. The goal is to attain an
inner state of awareness and intensify personal and spiritual growth. In
practice, meditation involves concentrated focus on something such as a
sound, image or feeling.

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What is a Seminar?
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a
commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for
recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is
requested to participate.

Purpose of a Seminar
When you attend a seminar, expect to be motivated, energized and ready to go back to work
applying a new technique you just learned. Seminar speakers generally realize that attendees
expect to be entertained and inspired, and they usually try to oblige. To make the most of this
new stimulation you achieved, you should apply what you learned soon after returning to the
office; otherwise, you would have wasted that function of the seminar. The aim of a seminar is to
bring new life to your business by teaching you to apply new tactics you might not have known
about before. Take notes. If you write down an idea that motivates you, you might be more likely
to apply it.

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