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ORTHOGRAPHIC
ISOMETRIC & OBLIQUE
PROJECTIONS
TME 211
Isometric projection
OBLIQUE
• Cavalier Projection: Drawn full size on
receding axes
• Cabinet Projetion: Draw half full size on
receding axes
 DRAWING TO SCALE
• Delete drawing on layout tab
• Use page set up, set scale as 1:1
• Use the MVIEW command on the Layout
tab
• Zoom window option to bring the drawing
of interest to the screen
• Choose SCALE
• Enter ½ xp (displays model space at half
the scale of paper space units)
• 2/1 xp (displays model space at twice the
 Auxilliary Views
• An Auxiliary view is one that is
drawn on a plane other than a
principal plane of projection to
show the true shape and size of
an object. The two types of
auxiliary views are:

First auxiliary view

Second auxiliary view.
1. An auxiliary view projected from
an orthographic elevation will
give a first auxiliary plan,

2. while an auxiliary view projected

from an orthographic plan will
give a first auxiliary elevation
• A second auxiliary elevation can
be projected from a first auxiliary
plan, while a

• second auxiliary plan can be

projected from a first auxiliary
elevation.
Uses of Auxiliary Views
• To find the true length of a line
• To find the point of view of a line
• To find the edge view of a plane
• To find the true shape of a plane
• To find the piercing point of a line on a
plane
• To find the angle between two intersecting
planes
• To find the common perpendicular
between two skew lines
Auxilliary views
P 3

45°

Y1
X Y
a

X1 a First auxiliary
Plan
b
 b
3
b

X1
a
5
90°
a
X Y
First Auxiliary Elevation

Y1
4
30 °

S
 4 6
45°
3
6
4
Second Auxiliary

B
5 2
Elevation
X2 Y2
M

X 2
Y
A

Y1

X1

Q
solution
 SECTIONING
Sectioning is defined as an
imaginary cut made through an
object to expose the interior or
to reveal the shape of a portion

Orthographic views when

carefully selected, may reveal
the external features of even the
most complicated objects.

However, there are objects with

complicated interior details and
when represented by hidden
lines, may not effectively reveal
the true interior details.
 Sectioning
In order to show
such features
clearly, one or
more views are
drawn as if a
portion had been
cut away to
reveal the interior
Cross-Hatching and Cutting Plane Lines
 Types of Sectioning
Full Section with offset planes

Full Section

Half Section
 Types of Sectioning
Revolved
Section

Broken-out section

Removed Section
 Types of Sectioning
Assembly Section

Aligned Section

Thin Materials
in Section
Sectioning Cont’d
 CONVENTIONS
There are many common engineering details that
are difficult and tedious to draw.

Drawing some of these details

(components, assemblies, etc.)
in their true projections involve
lots of time, their conventions
may be used to represent the
components.

Certain draughting
conventions are used to
represent materials in section
and machine elements in
engineering drawings.
 Conventional
Representations
 Conventional
Representations
 Conventional
Representations
 DIMENSIONING
When an engineering drawing is made, dimensioning is of vital
importance. All the dimensions necessary to make the articles
drawn must be on the drawing and they must be presented so
that they can be easily read, easily found and not open to
misinterpretation. A neat drawing can be spoilt by bad
dimensioning.

In British drawing practice the decimal point is shown in the

usual way, i.e. 15.26. In Europe , however, the decimal point in
metric units is a comma, i.e. 15,26 or 0,003. Also, in the metric
system a space is left between every three digits, i.e. 12 056.0
or 0.002 03. Note that values less than unity are prefixed by a
nought.

Engineering drawings are usually dimensioned in millimetres,

irrespective of the size of the dimension, but the centimetre and
metre are also sometimes used.
Dimensioning Cont’d
Dimensioning Cont’d
Dimensioning Cont’d
Dimensioning Cont’d
Dimensioning Cont’d
 SCREW FASTENERS
A machine element used for holding or joining two or more
parts of a machine or structure is known as a fastener. The
process of joining the parts is called fastening. The fasteners
are of two types : permanent and removable (temporary).
Riveting and welding processes are used for fastening
permanently.

Screwed fasteners such as bolts, studs and nuts in

combination, machine screws, set screws, keys, cotters,
couplings, etc., are used for fastening components that require
frequent assembly and disassembly.

This may be for the purpose of holding or adjustment in

assembly or service inspection, repair, or replacement or it may
be for the manufacturing or assembly reasons
Screw Threads
Screw Threads
 Bolts and Nuts
A bolt and nut in combination is a fastening
device used to hold two parts together. The
body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in
form, the head; square or hexagonal in
shape, is formed by forging. Screw threads
are cut on the other end of the shank.

Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in

shape. The nuts with internal threads engage
with the corresponding size of the external
threads of the bolt. However, there are other
forms of nuts used to suit specific requirements.
Hexagonal Nuts
Hexagonal Nuts
Hexagonal Bolts and Screws
Studs
Bolt and Nut Assembly
Set Bolt Assembly
Stud and Nut Assembly
 KEYS AND COTTER JOINTS
A key is a piece of metal inserted
between the joint of a shaft or hub to
prevent relative rotation between the
shaft and the hub. One of the commonest
applications is between shafts and
pulleys
Keys and Cotter Joints
 Keys and Cotter Joints
A cotter is a flat wedge
shaped piece, made of steel.
It is uniform in thickness but
tapering in width, generally on
one side; the usual taper
being 1:30. Cotter joints are
used to connect two rods,
subjected to tensile or
compressive forces along
their axes. These joints are
not suitable where the
members are under rotation.
Keys and Cotter Joints
Keys and Cotter Joints