CHAPTER

Filters
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter
 Band Pass Filter
The frequency about which the
passband is centered is called
the center frequency,
f0

Bandwidth

Center Freq
 Quality Factor and Damping
Band-pass filters are sometimes
classified as narrow-band Q>10
or wide-band Q<10

Example:
A certain band-pass filter has a center frequency of 15 kHz and a bandwidth of 1
kHz.
Determine Q and classify the filter as narrow-band or wide-band.
 Band-Stop Filter Response

notch,
band-reject,
or
band-elimination
filter
Recap Questions
 Active Filter
If resistor R2 in the feedback
circuit of an active single-pole
filter of the type in Figure is 10
k. what value must be to obtain
a maximally flat Butterworth
response?

To achieve a second-order
Butterworth response, for
example, the damping factor
must be 1.414.
 Single-Pole Low-Pass Filter

Single-Pole Low-Pass Filter: An active filter that contains

a single op-amp and a single RC circuit, with flat passband
response and a −20 dB/decade roll-off rate.

1
fc 
2RC
 Sallen-Key low-pass filter
Two-Pole Low-Pass Filter
Two-Pole Low-Pass Filter: An active filter that contains a
single op-amp and two RC circuits, with a −40 dB/decade
roll-off rate.

1
fc 
2 R1R 2C1C2
 Example
Determine the critical frequency
of the Sallen-Key low-pass filter
in Figure, and
set the value of R1 for an
approximate Butterworth
response.
 Single-Pole High-Pass Filter
Single-Pole High-Pass Filter: An active filter that contains a single
op-amp and a single RC circuit, with flat passband response and a
−20 dB/decade roll-off rate. Note that the positions of R and C are
reversed when compared to the single-pole low pass filter.

1
fc 
2RC
Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter
Two-Pole High-Pass Filter
Two-Pole High-Pass Filter: An active filter that contains a
single op-amp and two RC circuits, with a −40 dB/decade
roll-off rate.

1
fc 
2 R1R 2C1C2

Note that the resistor and capacitor positions in the non inverting input (+)
circuit are reversed when compared to the two-pole low-pass filter.
 Example
Choose values for the Sallen-Key
high-pass filter in Figure to
implement an equal-value second-
order Butterworth response with a
critical frequency of approximately
10 kHz. Assume Resistance 3.3k
 Band-Pass Filter
The band-pass filter shown is implemented by cascading a
low-pass filter with a high-pass filter. The frequencies of interest
are found using:

1
fc1 
2 R1R 2C1C2

1
fc 2 
2 R3R 4C3C4

fr  fc1fc 2
Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass
Filter
 Example
Determine the center
frequency, maximum gain,
and bandwidth for the filter
 Key Terms
Comparator A circuit which compares two input voltages
and produces an output in either of two
states indicating the greater than or less than
relationship of the inputs.
Active filter A frequency-selective circuit consisting of
one or more op-amps combined with
reactive elements (usually an RC network)
Differentiator A circuit that produces an inverted output
that approaches the mathematical
derivative of the input, which is the rate
of change.
 Key Terms
Averaging An amplifier that produces and output
Amplifier voltage that is the negative value of the
mathematical average of the input voltages.

Scaling Adder A special type of summing amplifier with

weighted inputs.

Integrator A circuit that produces an output that

approaches the mathematical integral of
the input.
 Quiz
1. An op-amp circuit designed to indicate when one
voltage exceeds another is called a/an
a. Bounder
b. Differential amplifier
c. Comparator
d. Level-detector
 Quiz
2. Which of the following is a common type of
summing amplifier?
a. An averaging amplifier
b. A differentiator
c. A multiplier
d. None of the above
 Quiz
3. An op-amp circuit that provides an output that is
proportional to the area under its input signal is called
a(n)
a. Differentiator
b. Scaling adder
c. Integrator
d. Active filter
 Quiz
4. What type of comparator is used to determine
whether the input is greater than or less than 0 V?
a. A zero-level detector
b. A limiter
c. A range detector
d. None of the above
 Quiz
5. A summing amplifier can be wired to provide an
output that is
a. Equal to the sum of its inputs
b. Equal to the sum of its weighted inputs
c. Equal to the average of its inputs
d. All of the above
Answers

1. c 6. d
2. a 7. b
3. c 8. b
4. a 9. b
5. d 10. c