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SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL
SIGNAL :
SYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL:
Line Diagram
E1 Tributary Card - TET16/TET21/TET28
TP01
TP01FT
Line Diagram
Tributary Card E1- TET16/TET21/TET28
Tributary Card E3/DS3 - TE31
3 E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE33
Ethernet Tributary Card – ETC
Ethernet Tributary Card – ETCFT
TP01
TP01FT
STM1 card Œ A011 or A012
STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4
STM-1e Tributary Card - A012E
STM-4 Tributary Card - A041,A041VLR
TR01
TJ100 MC-1 & TJ100 MC-4 can be
configured as Regenerator (REG),
Terminal Multiplexers (TMUX),
Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADM) and
Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)
SDH Network Elements
The Network Elements of
SDH Network :
Regenerator (Reg.)
Terminal Multiplexer
(TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer
(ADM)
Digital Cross Connect
(DXC)
egenerator (Reg.)
STM- STM-
N Regenerator N
1 1 2 3 4
2 1
3
Tributaries . Line Interface (aggregate)
.
(Optional)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Add / Drop
STM-N STM-N
Multiplexer
PDH SDH
Add/Drop Multiplexer
Add / Drop illustration:
Synchronous
1 is dropped; 17 is added Transport
Drop 1
5 60 Module
1 21 25 34 3
2 1
Tributaries 3
...
17 Add 17
5 60
21 25 34 3
ADM makes
possibilities of
Extraction from & insertion into high speed SDH bit
streams of Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous
signal.
STM- STM-
16 16
STM-4 STM-4
STM-1 STM-1
140 140
Mbit/s Mbit/s
34 34
Mbit/s Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s Cross - 2 Mbit/s
Connect
igital Cross Connect (DXC)
Ports
Ports Ports 21
Ports
25
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH
LAYER
General view of Path Section
designations
PD
SDH # PD
SDH Regenerator SDH
H
AT
multiplexerSD Cross- multiplexer
H
AT
M
IP SD SD M
IP
H H connect H
Regenera Regenera
tor tor
Section Section
Multiplex Multiplex
Section Section
Path
Topologies
Network Configurations
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint
Mesh Architecture
Ring Architecture
SDH Network Topologies
Point-to-Point Network
Tributari
Tributari
Terminal Terminal
Multiplexer Regenerator Multiplexer
(TM) (TM)
es
Chain
Network
Tributari
Tributari
Tributari
Multiplexer
Add Drop
Tributari
Add Drop
(ADM)
(ADM)
es
es
Tributari Tributar
Tributari
Exchange
es
2Mbit/ 140Mbit/s
s
Add Drop Add Drop
Multiplexer Multiplexer
(ADM) (ADM)
Multiplexer
Exchange
Add Drop
Multiplexer
Add Drop
Exchange
(ADM)
(ADM)
STM-4
Ring
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
STM-1 Add Drop STM-1
140Mbit/s Multiplexer
2Mbit/ (ADM)
s
2Mbit/
ADM linear route ADM
( Bus ) Ring
X X
X X X X X X
Mesh
Network
Tributari Tributar
es ies
Tributaries
& Cross connect
STM-N Links
Add Drop
Mux
Mux
Standard MS Rates :
O C - 1 ST S - 1 5 1 .8 4 0 5 0 .1 1 2 1 .7 2 8 -
O C - 3 ST S - 3 1 5 5 .5 2 0 1 5 0 .3 3 6 5 .1 8 4 STM - 1
O C - 9 ST S - 9 4 6 6 .5 6 0 4 5 1 .0 0 8 1 5 .5 5 2
O C - 12 ST S - 12 6 2 2 .0 8 0 6 0 1 .3 4 4 2 0 .7 3 6 STM - 4
O C - 18 ST S - 18 9 3 3 .1 2 0 9 0 2 .0 1 6 3 1 .1 0 4
O C - 24 ST S - 24 1 2 4 4 .1 6 0 1 2 0 2 .6 8 8 4 1 .4 7 2
O C - 36 ST S - 36 1 8 6 .2 4 0 1 8 0 4 .0 3 2 6 2 .2 0 8
O C - 48 ST S - 48 2 4 8 8 .3 2 0 2 4 0 5 .3 7 6 8 2 .9 4 4 STM - 16
O C - 96 ST S - 96 4 9 7 6 .6 4 0 4 8 1 0 .7 5 2 1 6 5 .8 88
O C - 1 92 ST S - 192 9 9 5 3 .2 8 0 9 6 2 1 .5 0 2 3 3 1 .7 76 STM - 64
Frame Structure
Transport Module
STM-1 = 155 Mbit/s
STM-4 = 622 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 2.5Gbit/s
STM-64 = 10Gbit/s
Payload
One
Section
STM-4 overhead
STM-n
(n >1)
STM-1 frame structure
• The STM – n signal is multiples of frames consisting of
9 rows with 270 bytes in each row
• The order of transmission of information is first from
left to right and then from top to bottom
• The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and
used by the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3
parts
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH)
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH)
Pointers
Sdh22.exe
Data Rate
Overall
9 rows*270
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
= 155.52Mbps
9 rows*261
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
=150.336Mbps
User Data/ Payload
9 rows*260
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
STM-1 frame structure
270 Columns
• For Example
STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1
Frames.
Byte Interleaved multiplexing
SD H
M
U
X
L in e S ig n a l
STM - 4
S T M -3
T rib u ta ry
S ig n a ls
S T M -1
TU Columns Bytes/ Bandwidth Payload
Format Frame
TU 11 3 27 1.728Mbps DS1
TU 12 4 36 2.304Mbps E-1
Y Y 1* 1*
F1 – User Channel
• This byte is set aside for the user’s purposes
For example,
• If the VC-4 Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC-4
begins in the byte adjacent to the H3 byte of the Overhead;
Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary
Positive justification
H1 Yopportunity
Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
To next Row
To next Row
Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary
AU – 4 Negative Pointer
Justification
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Points out
Start of VC-4
VC-4 Boundary
Negative justification
opportunity
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 From next row
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary
Multiplexer Section
Overhead
MS Alarm indication signal
• Starting point of VC
• It is used to transmit repetitively a path access
point identifier, similar to J0
BIP-2 (Bits 1 and 2). The Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) bits are used to provide an error
monitoring function for the VC-12 path.
REI (Bit 3). The Remote Error Indication (REI) bit is used to communicate detected BIP-
2 errors back to the VC-12 path originator.
RFI (Bit 4). Remote Fail Indicator (RFI). Not used in present applications.
Signal label (Bits 5 to 7). These bits are used to indicate the payload mapping and
equipped status.
RDI (Bit 8). The Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) bit is used to indicate certain detected
TU path alarms to the VC-12 path originator.
STM Path Overhead
ANALOGY:
Packing C2 carton box with some more packing
material and labeled as VC2 box
Virtual Container
• It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units,
that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the
end to end paths
• VCs carry information end to end between two path access
points through the SDH system
• VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH
payloads
• VC12 (C12 + POH)
• VC11 (C11 + POH)
• VC2 (C2 + POH)
• VC3 (C3 + POH)
• VC4 (C4 + POH)
Virtual Container (contd..)
• At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually
between the payload areas of adjacent frames. Each
subdivision can be readily located by its own pointer that is
embedded in the overheads.
(E1) 32 Bytes
Stuffing Bytes
C-12 1 23 32
34 Bytes
VC-12 1 23 32
35 Bytes
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
Pointer
TU-12
36 Bytes
TU 12 is arranged 9 Rows
Into Matrix of 9 X 4
4 Columns
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
TU-12 TU-12 TU-12
9 Rows
Multiplexing
TUG-2 9 Rows
12 Columns
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
7 TUG-2s
X 7 TUG-2 TUG-3(multiplexing)
Stuffing Bytes
TUG 3
84 Columns
86 Columns
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
86 Columns
X 3 TUG–3
VC - 4
HOPOH Stuffing Bytes
258 Columns
261 Columns
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
VC - 4
261 Columns
AU – 4 (Adding Pointer)
AU Pointer
POH
9 Columns
261 Columns
mapping E1.exe
SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchronization
Synchronization is the means of keeping
all of the digital equipment in your
network operating at the same rate.
In terms of synchronous networks
(SDH/SONET), this means that all network
elements must be oriented towards a single
clock. In SDH and SONET, higher bit rates and
synchronization are the major Advances
compared to older transmission technologies.
This is the only way to assure uniform
standardization at all hierarchy levels and
represents a major challenge for system
manufacturers and network operators.
Primary Reference
Clock ( PRC )
Stratum 1
SYNCHRONIZATIO DIGITAL
N HIERARCHY EXCHANGE
Stratum 1
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
Transmission Network
Internal
Selector Clock
Auotmatic Switch
Internal Diagram of
BITS
S1 Synchronization status
message byte (SSMB)
• Synchronization Status Messaging is the transmission of
synchronization quality messages between NEs.
•Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization
messages
PD
SDH # PD
SDH Regenerator SDH
H
AT
multiplexerSD Cross- multiplexer
H
AT
M
IP SD SD M
IP
H H connect H
Regenera Regenera
tor tor
Section Section
Multiplex Multiplex
Section Section
Path
Numerous alarm and error messages are built into
SDH. They are known as defects and anomalies,
respectively. They are coupled to network sections
and the corresponding overhead information.
The advantage of the alarms monitoring are
illustrated as follows :
Complete failure of a connection results, for
example, in a LOS alarm (loss of signal) in the
receiving network element.
This alarm triggers a complete chain of
subsequent messages in the form of AIS.
The transmitting side is informed of the failure
by the return of an RDI alarm (remote defect
indication).
The alarm messages are transmitted in defined
Types of Alarms
Equipment Alarms
Facility Alarms
What is difference between a Defect
and a Failure?
• Signal Degrade
• Signal Fail
• Timing Reference Failed
• Forced Switch Active
• Forced Switch to channel
• Manual Switch Active
• Manual Switch to channel
• Laser Bias Voltage high/low
• Derived I/p voltage high/low
LOS
Signal Degrade
Signal Fail
Loss Of Signals
( LOS ) :
LOF
TIM(J0)
DCC Fail
Out of Frame (OOF )
:
The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a specified
time in msecs
If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero until an
“in frame” state persists continuously for specified time
in msecs
As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section
overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as
RS-LOF
@ MSOH
AIS/RDI(K1,K2)
DCC Fail
REI(M1)
MS-AIS
:
This
This is sent by MSTE(Multiplex Section Terminating
Equipment) to alert the downstream higher order path
terminating equipment (HOPTE) of a detected LOP state or
a received AU path AIS
The
The AU-4 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1’s pattern
in the entire AU-4(I.e an all 1‘s pattern in H1,H2 and H3
bytes pointer bytes plus all bytes of associated VC-4)
Removal
Removal of AU-4 path AIS is detected when three consecutive
valid AU pointers are received with normal NDF’s
TU-12 AIS :
PLM(C2)
REI,RDI,PLM,TIM,AIS,LOP(G1)
LOM(H4)
IEC,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N1)
Loss Of Pointer (LOP
)
The LOP state occurs when ‘n’ consecutive invalid pointers are
received or ‘n’ New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other
than in a concatenation indicator)
The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3
consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very
rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all
1s
An AIS indication is all 1’s pattern in the pointer
bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are
set to “1001XX1111111111” I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2
bytes for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP)
Loss Of Multiframe (LOM )
REI,RDI,RFI,PLM,AIS,LOP(V5)
TIM/PLM(J2)
AIS,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N2)
Some SDH alarms :
SDH SDH
SDH
MUX Cable Cut MUX
REGEN
Loss
RFI STM-1 of
STM-1 Signal
SDH SDH
SDH MUX
MUX
Cable Cut REGEN
Loss
RFI STM-1 of Z STM-1 MS-AIS
Signal
PROTECTION SCHEMES
Failure Events
According to ATIS
Causes
Ring protection:
Working Section
Protection Section
Fault
Protection Section
1+1 Card Protection
1+1 Protected Linear Link
1 Protection(Dedicated Protection)
Even in 1:1 protection, for each of the working
unit(Which can be either unit or path)there will be a
corresponding protection unit
Only working unit will be carrying data all the time,in
case of the failure in the protection unit there will be a
switching to the protection unit
Once the fault in the working unit is rectified there will
be a switching from protection unit back to the
working unit
This is called Reversion type(because there is an
automatic reversion from protection back to the
working once the working unit is restored)
1: N
Protection
B C
VC-n path protection VC-n
switching
within 30 ms
A D E
protection path
Unidirectional Operation
Bidirectional Operation
Unidirectional Path Switched
Ring/SNCP
UPSR/S
NCP
• Working Traffic
• Extra Traffic
Tributary
Tributary
B E
C D
ADM
One Fiber
2 Fiber MSSP - Fault
A F
Tributary
Tributary
B E
ADM C D
2F
MSSP
Node A Node B Node C
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
working
protection
Fiber 2
MS Protection
Switching
within 50 ms
Tributary
Tributary E
B
ADM C D
4 Fiber MSSP (Span Switch) - Fault
A F
Tributary
Tributary
B E
C D
Working Fiber 1+2 Protection Fiber 3+4
4 Fiber MSSP (Ring Switch) - Fault
A F
Tributary
Tributary
B E
C D
Working Fiber 1+2
Protection Fiber 3+4
NODE A NODE B NODE C
STS-n
NODE A NODE B NODE C