Water Treatment Processes Why ???: 90% of The Worlds Wastewater Does Not Receive Any Treatment

NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Water treatment processes
Why ???
90% of the worlds wastewater does

not receive any treatment (Corcoran et al. 2010)
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Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen Phosphorus is the major agent triggering
eutrophication (algeal blooms) in freshwaters
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The North Sea

Nitrogen is considered the main
element triggering eutrophication in
saltwater
Photo: R. Gjørven
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Norway at 1200 meters altitude
Green algae in a stream in
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Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen
4
Nitrogen can cause algea
growth in freshwater in
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alpine regions
5
less than 1 mg/l
(Pandey et al. 2005)
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 BOD - 250 mg
Dry season:
Kathmandu, Nepal
 DO
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Kathmandu, Nepal
Putrification
Dry season:
 DO less than 1 mg/l
 BOD - 250 mg
(Pandey et al. 2005)
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Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen
Wastewater
treatment -
removal parameters
The objectives of sewage treatment will always

include the reduction of the concentration of at least
one of the below constituents:
Suspended solids;
Organic (biodegradable) material;
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous);
Pathogenic organisms (expressed as E. Coli)
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Medicine residues, organic chemicals (POP´s)
Heavy metals
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Methods of Removal
The contaminants in wastewater are removed by different

unit processes:
 Physical (sedimetation, flotation, screening, filtration)

 Biological (trickling filters, RBC, activated sludge)
 Chemical (chemical precipitation, ozonation, chlorination)
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Wastewater Treatment –
Processes
Primary Secondary Tertiarary

Remove Remove
organics and nutrients and
pathogens
ammonia
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Sludge treatment
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Methods of Removal
Physical Unit Processes (mainly primary)
Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces
predominates are known as physical unit operations. Typical unit
operations are:
– Screening
– Sedimentation
– Floatation
– Membrane filtration* (< 1um)
*Tertiary treatment
11 Salsnes
filter
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(tertiary)
Membrane Filter Technology
Sette inn egne bilder av membraner
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Membrane Filter Technology
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Wastewater Treatment –
Processes

Remove Remove
pathogens
ammonia
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Sludge treatment
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Methods of Removal (Contd.)

Biological Unit Processes (mainly secondary)
The treatment method in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit
process. Some examples are:
– aerobic processes - presence of dissolved oxygen
• Biofilters
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge
– anaerobic processes – absence of dissolved oxygen

• Denitrification (tertiary)
• Septic tanks
16 • Ponds
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Biofilter
Porous media
LWA
Diam: 2,5 mm
Surface area
> 5000m2/m3
Bacteria on
LWA
surface
Wastewater spraying over a biofilter
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(fixed biofilm)
Biofilter: trickling filter
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Biofilter: Rotating biological
contactor - RBC (fixed biofilm)
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Biological treatment: Activated sludge

(biofilm in suspension)
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Activated sludge at Ryaverket Gothenburg
700 000 pe
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Wastewater Treatment -
Processes

Remove Remove
pathogens
ammonia
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Sludge treatment
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Chemical Unit Process (tertiary)
Treatment methods in which the removal or conversion of
contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or by
chemical reactions are known as chemical unit processes. Some of
the most common are:
– Precipitation (lime, Fe- of Al salts, Struvite formation)
– Adsorption
– Disinfection
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– Precipitation
– Adsorption (Ion exchange)
– Disinfection
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– Precipitation
– Adsorption
– Disinfection (chlorination, UV-light, Ozone)
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Water and sludge treatment process at
Bekkelaget
PAX-18
Primary
Precipitation
1900 l/s<Q< 4000 l/s
PAX-18
Q<1900 l/s
Overflow
Magasin~35.000m3
Q=1900 l/s Primary Clarifier Filter
Activated
Sand, grit and sludge
screenings FeSO4
Biogas-
4000 l/s < Q < 6000 l/s upgrading
Biogas
Bio sludge
Thickener
Primary sludge Buffertank

Digester Digester
Dewatering
Silo
Silo
Buffer
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Removal efficiency %
Parameter Primary Secondary Tertiary
SS 50 - 80 80 - 90 >90
BOD 20 - 40 70 - 90 >90
P <10 30 >90
N <10 30 70
E. Coli 1 log 2 -3 log 3 - 5 (7)* logs
*with disinfection
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Water Treatment Processes Why ???: 90% of The Worlds Wastewater Does Not Receive Any Treatment

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NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES

Water treatment processes

90% of the worlds wastewater does

The North Sea

(Pandey et al. 2005)

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen

The objectives of sewage treatment will always

The contaminants in wastewater are removed by different

 Physical (sedimetation, flotation, screening, filtration)

Primary Secondary Tertiarary

Primary Secondary Tertiarary

Methods of Removal (Contd.)

– anaerobic processes – absence of dissolved oxygen

Biological treatment: Activated sludge

Primary Secondary Tertiarary

Methods of Removal (Contd.)

Methods of Removal (Contd.)

Methods of Removal (Contd.)

1900 l/s<Q< 4000 l/s

Primary sludge Buffertank

Parameter Primary Secondary Tertiary

E. Coli 1 log 2 -3 log 3 - 5 (7)* logs

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