Biology 185: Fall 2017

Chapter 5: Tissue Organization (Histology)

MCK
I. General Information
A. – the study of
B. Tissue- a collection of
assembled for a certain purpose.
C. & of the tissues is closely
related
D. 4 basic tissue types – , Connective,
Muscle,
II. Epithelial Tissue
A. General – found & its
parts
1. Functions- protection, ,
diffusion, , excretion,
secretion, reception
 2. Structure –
a. Cells close together
b. 2 distinct regions ( ):
surface/free surface
surface/basement membrane
anchor cells to other tissues
c. , but
d. Healthy epithelium easily
B. Classifications (types):
-Simple epithelial have a on
basement membrane
-3 basic cell shapes:
 1. Simple squamous epi- 1 layer flattened
cells on basement membrane,

Functions: , , secretion
Locations: , , lining B.V.
(a) SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Structure
Single layer of thin, flat cells resembling irregular floor
tiles; the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center
Function
Rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous
membranes
Location
Air sacs in lungs (alveoli); lining of lumen of lymph vessels
and blood vessels (endothelium); serous membranes of
body cavities (mesothelium)
 2. Simple Cuboidal epi. – 1 layer of
shaped cells on a basement
membrane, nucleus, may
have or
Functions: secretion,
Locations: , thyroid ducts,
ovarian surface,

b) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Structure
Single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide;
spherical and centrally located nucleus
Function
Absorption and secretion, forms glands and small ducts
Location
Thyroid gland follicles; surface of ovary; kidney tubules;
secretory regions and ducts of most glands
 3. Simple Columnar Epi. – 1 layer of
on a basement
membrane. Nuclei are toward the
layer. , cilia, &/or
microvilli maybe present.
Functions: absorption, ,
Locations: , bronchioles, uterine
tubes
(c) NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Structure
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-
shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of
cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may
contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
Function
Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucin
Location
Lining of most of digestive tract
 4. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. –
shaped cells, that
but are not because they all
attach to the basement membrane.
cells & present.
Functions: secrete
Locations: line cavities, sinuses,
, bronchi
e) CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Structure
Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect
to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the
apical surface; has goblet cells and cilia
Function
Protection; also involved in movement of mucus across
surface by ciliary action
Location
Lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract, including
nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Stratified Epithelium…contains more than 1
cell layer, it is named for the
of the cells on the layer

5. Stratified squamous epi.- squamous on

, cuboidal & .
Several layers are present. Upper layers
maybe . Deep layers are
, push up to replace upper layer
Functions:
Locations: , lining ,
esophagus, vagina
(a) KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Structure
Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or
polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous; apical
cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
Function
Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location
Epidermis of skin

(b) NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Structure
Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or
polyhedral, whereas apical (superficial) cells are
squamous; superficial cells are alive and kept moist
Function
Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location
Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, lining
of vagina, and anus
6. Stratified cuboidal epi. – usually layers of
cuboidal cells on a basement
membrane. Limited distribution.

7. Stratified columnar epi. – layer

columnar, layer cuboidal. Limited
distribution.
 8. Transitional epi. – numerous cell layers,
apical cells >
to squamous when organ .
Deep layers appear cuboidal
Functions: allows for

Locations: lines , ureters,

upper urethra
(e) TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Structure
Epithelial appearance varies, depending upon
whether tissue is stretched or relaxed; relaxed
epithelium (top) has polyhedral, rounded cells at the
apical surface, whereas distended epithelium
(bottom) has flattened cells at the apical surface;
some cells are binucleated
Function
Distension (stretching) and relaxation to
accommodate urine volume changes in the urinary
bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
Location
Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
C. Cell connections: proteins connect cell
membranes
1. Tight ( ) junctions bind adjacent cells
together & form a impermeable barrier. Located
in & kidney tubules
2. (anchoring junctions) bind cells
together using a protein plaque & fibrous proteins.
thru out
a tissue. Located in

3. junctions
(communicating junctions)
Hollow protein tubes
connect cells & allow
intercellular communication

Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.33
D. Epithelial Tissue Glands
1. What? A gland is one or more cell/cells
that
2. Endocrine glands are glands
that secrete directly into
the blood
3. glands have ducts & release a
secretion onto an epithelial surface
( , , saliva)
• Exocrine Gland Types
a. Merocrine – (Ex. salivary glands)
b. – fragments of cell & secretion
(Ex. glands)
c. – entire cell ruptures (Ex.
sebaceous glands)

Fig. 4.4
III. Connective Tissue
A. General Info.- Arises from and
has 3 main parts…
1. Matrix: that
surrounds the cells. It includes ground
substance (water, ,&
proteins) and…
2. Fibers: Fibrous protein structures that
& support connective tissue.
3 fibers: , elastic,
3. Cells: -blast, -cyte, -clast. vs
cells (WBC’s)
4. Gen. Funct.: , supports, protects,
insulates, transports,
B. Classifications (Types)
1. Loose connective – less &
a. Areolar – fibroblasts & cells,
, , & reticular fibers
fluid ground substance
Functions: wraps & protects
, regulates tissue fluid
Location: , subcutaneous
layer,
b. Adipose – mostly
Functions: storage, cushioning,
Location: , around
organs, yellow bone marrow
c. Reticular –
, lymphocytes,
reticular fibers
Functions: provides

Location: ,
lymph nodes, bone
marrow

Table 5.5
2. Dense connective- fibroblasts & many fibers
a. Dense regular – collagen fibers ,
fibroblasts in (train cars & track),
poorly &
Function: provides strong attachments
Location: &
b. Dense irregular – fibers
arranged, fibroblasts,
vascularized & innervated
Function: provides strength
Locations: , joint capsules, fasciae
c. Elastic Con. – elastic
fibers, some collagen, fibroblasts
Functions: provides to
structures
Locations: large , vocal folds,
ligaments between
3. Supporting connective tissue: cells, fibers, to
substance
a. Bone ( tissue)- compact & spongy
in lacunae, matrix layers called
(hydroxyapatite), fibers,
innervated & vascularized
Functions: , protection, mineral
storage, cell production, allow for
movement
BONE
Location: you know… Structure
Calcified extracellular matrix containing osteocytes
trapped in lacunae; compact bone arranged in osteons
(concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal);
spongy bone (not shown) is a meshwork that has a
different organization from compact bone
Function
Provides levers for body movement, supports soft
structures, protects organs, stores calcium and
phosphorus; spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue
and is the site for hemopoiesis
Location
Bones of the body
b. Cartilage – in lacunae,
sulfate matrix, collagen & elastic
fibers, or vascularized
-3 types/location
1) : bone ends,
skeleton, rings in
 2) : intervertebral disc,
of knee, pubic symphysis
3) cartilage: external , epiglottis
Functions: Structure, , support,
4. Fluid Connective tissue
a. Blood – connective tissue
- (RBC), (WBC),
(platelets),
(liquid matrix)
Functions: , protection
Location: in the
IV. Muscle
A. General Info:
1. cells =
2. Properties of muscle tissue:
- -elastic
-contractile -
B. Types
1. Skeletal (striated): cells are ,
, ,
Location: skeletal muscles
Functions: moves bone &/or skin
2. Cardiac Muscle:
-cells are , uninucleate, striated,
involuntary, discs
Location: the of the heart
Function: contract
3. Smooth Muscle: cells shaped,
, no striations,
Location: wall of tract,
urinary bladder
Functions: changes the size & shape of
organs, subst. thru
organs
V. Nervous Tissue
A. General Info.
1. Cells: = nerve cell, glial or support
cells
2. Functions: & nerve
impulses
3. Locations: , spinal cord,
• Vocabulary • Resident cells • Hypertophy
• Histology • Wandering cells • Hyperplasia
• Tissues • Mast cells • Atrophy
• Polarity • Fibroblast • stem cells
• Apical surface • Adipocyte • Pluripotent
• Basal surface • Ground substance • Multipotent
• Basement Membrane • Marfan syndrome • Dysplasia
• Avascular • Chondrocyte • fibrosis
• goblet cells • Osteocyte • cancer
• Desmosomes (4.6d) • Lacunae • tumor
• tight junctions (4.6d) • Osteon • Neoplasia/neplasm
• Hemidesmosomes (4.6d) • hemopoietic • benign
• gap junctions (4.6d) • tendons • malignant
• gland • ligaments • metastasis
• secretion • extracellular matrix • Cancer
• endocrine gland • Mesenchyme • Necrosis
• exocrine gland • Formed elements • gangrene
• merocrine gland • plasma
• holocrine gland • intercalated discs
• apocrine gland • Germ layers