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China

• East Asia
• “China…! There lies a sleeping giant. Let him
sleep, for when he wake he will shake the
world.”
(Napoleon Bonaparte)
Political History of China

A. Ancient China ; pre history

B. Imperial China; 1.AD-1911

C. Republic of China ; 1911- 1949

D. Communist/Socialist China; 1949 –till date


I. Ancient China ; pre history
I. Neolithic period
• Young Shaw culture-yellow river
• overthrown by longshan in 3000-2000BC
II. Xia dynasty (2070BC-1600BC)
III.Shang dynasty (1600BC-1046BC )
• ruled China for 600 years
• decline time of Indus valley civilization.
.
IV. Zou dynasty (1046BC-256BC)
• ruled for 800 Years
V. Warring states period (476-221BC)
• Period of civil war,
• Hundred of small states,
• Confucius, great philosopher,
• Led to Confucianism,
• Sun-Tzu,
VI. Qin dynasty (221-207BC)
• Unified and consolidated all these states,
• creation of great wall of china.
• Name China
• Qin Indians Persians English China
B. Imperial China
I. Han dynasty (202BC-220A.D)
• Golden age
• period of economic growth , stability, science, art
agriculture, mathematical innovation,
• expanded wall to 3700 miles
• Created bureaucracy, through competitive exams,
• Use of Paper,
• Silk Route opened (207-220AD) .
• declined and split into three empires, WEI, SHU,
WU
Great wall of china
• Trade with Asia, Europe, Middle east and Africa.
• Export : Silk, Gold, horses, Silver etc
• Enabled movement of traditions, innovations, ideologies and
religions.
II. Jing dynasty (226AD-420A.D).
III. Sixteen Kingdom Periods
• Two centuries of instability,
• era of instability, political disintegration.
• again china divided into smaller kingdoms,

• We can learn from history that marriages between royal family can
change borders of regimes same like in medieval Europe.
• Dynastic cycle
IV. Sui Dynasty (581AD-618AD)
• unify china again
• construction
• expended great wall of China.
V. Tang dynasty (618AD-907A.D)
Era of Chinese civilization – largest city
Every civilization needs water to flourish,
Egyptian civilization – Nile
Mesopotamia – river Tigris and river Euphrates
Indus valley civilization – River Indus etc,
revolts led its breakup.
VI. Five dynasties of 10 kingdoms (907AD-960AD)
• Political disintegration, disunity breakup

VII. Song dynasty (960AD-1279AD )

VIII. Mongol dynasty (1271AD-1368AD)


• Kublai khan – grand son of Chengez khan –
• Visite of Marcopolo
• Paper used for currency
IX. Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
• Revolt by Chinese against Mongol rule
• These Chinese did not want to be under Mongol rule – so
as a revolt Ming dynasty formed.
X. Qing Dynasty (1636-1912).
• Last imperial dynasty.
• contact with outside world increased.
• First Opium War (1839-1841). Forceful takeover of
hongkong
• 2nd opium war (1856-1860)
• Sino- Japanese wars.
• Failure in countering Foreign encroachments.
• 1912- Revolution,
• Ending 3000 years of dynastic Rule.
C. Republic China ; 1911- 1949

• 1912 . Dr. Sun Yat Sen, Founder of Chinese revulution


• 1915 Formed party Kumintang.
• after WW1 and Bolshevik revolution, communist element in China emerged
• In 1921 - intellectual revolutionaries formed Communist party of China
(CCP)
• conflicts started elements
• 1927 War Started between Government and Communist
• Moa Tze Tung led cummunists, Chen Kai shek led Government
(nationalists)
• Sino Japanese war (1937-1945) which for the time being stopped the
communists + nationalist to fought with each other and both sides united
against the Japan as a common enemy –
• After Japan surrender, both resumed fighting, and new Civil War began
• communist under Moa Tse Tung succeeded in kicking nationalist out from
mainland China , pushing them to Formosa, present day taiwan
• .
D. Communist China(1949-
• October 1949
• Moa viewed that revolution could be brought only by peasants
• 1934 long march (5000miles)
• 1942 “rectification programe"
• Students and intellectuals - sent to village
• “Resist America” foreign left china
• 1950 “Counter revolutionaries " - Sympathizer to Kuomintang or
anti - communist - 28,232, executed
• “three anti campaign" reforming party itself
• “Five anti - campaign“, Killed private industry in China
Collectivization of land and Industrializations
• “Cultural revolution " – students sent to village to glorify
revolution.
Aur bus!

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