UMTS Key Technologies

ZTE University
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
Power Control
 CDMA is not a new technology
 Power control is a key technology of CDMA
system
 Power control is the key path for launching the
large scale CDMA commercial network

CDMA
CDMAis is aa typical
typical self-interference
self-interference system,
system, thus
thus the
the chief
chief
principle
principle is
is that
that any
any potential
potential surplus
surplus transmitted
transmitted power
power for
for
service
service must
must be
be controlled.
controlled.
Why Power Control?
 All CDMA users occupy the same
frequency spectrum at the same time!
Frequency and time are not used as
discriminators.
 CDMA operates by using codes to
discriminate between users.
 CDMA interference comes mainly from
nearby users
 Each user is a small voice in a roaring
crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.

To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be
tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same
signal strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid
the Near-Far Effect.
Near-Far Effect

Block the whole cell

Overpowered by strong signals

Power

f
Power control

Power
Power

f f

Each
Each terminal
terminal is is an
an interference
interference Power
Power control
control will
will reduce
reduce the
the
source
source to
to the
the others.
others. The
The Near-far
Near-far cross
cross interference
interference significantly
significantly
effect
effect will
will impact
impact the
the capacity
capacity and
and improve
improve the
the total
total capacity
capacity
tremendously
tremendously
Purpose of Power Control

Downlink Power Control Uplink Power Control

Cell transmitted power UE transmitted signal

Power control command (TPC) Power control command (TPC)

• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

• Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
• Extend battery life
Category of Power control

Open loop power control （ no feedbac

k）

RNC

UE Node B

Close loop power control （ feedback ）

RNC
Inner-loop
Outer-loop

UE Node B
Category of Power Control
Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted
power

Close Loop－
CloseLoop －Inner
InnerLoop
Loop
Measure
MeasurethetheSIR
SIR(Signaling
(SignalingtotoInterference
InterferenceRatio),
Ratio),compare
comparewithwiththe
thetarget
target
SIR
SIRvalue,
value,and
andthen
thensend
sendpower
powercontrol
controlinstruction
instructiontotoUE.
UE.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAinnerinnerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis1500Hz.
1500Hz.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR>target
SIR>targetSIR,SIR,decrease
decreasethetheUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR
SIR<target
<targetSIR,
SIR,increase
increasethe
theUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.

Close Loop－
CloseLoop －Outer
OuterLoop
Loop
Measure
MeasurethetheBLER
BLER(Block
(BlockError
ErrorRate),
Rate),and
andadjust
adjustthe
thetarget
targetSIR.
SIR.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAouter
outerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis10~100Hz.
10~100Hz.
 IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER>target
BLER>targetBLER,
BLER,decrease
decreasethethetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
 IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER<target
BLER<targetBLER,
BLER,increase
increasethe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
Open Loop Power Control
 General principals of open loop power control
 Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial
transmitted power for a new radio link.
 P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power
Control, which is measured by UE to estimate the initial
transmitted power.
 The following factors will also be considered, such as
service QoS and data rate, Eb/No requirements of
establishing service, current downlink total Transmitted
Power and interference from neighbor cell etc.
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

Measure receiving SIR and

1500Hz
1500Hz
compare to target SIR

Inner loop

TPC instruction
Set SIRtar
NodeB UE

Try
Try to
to get
get the
the equal
equal receiving
receiving Each
Each radio
radio link
link has
has
Eb
Eb (Energy
(Energy perper bit)
bit) of
of each
each its
its own
own control
control
UE
UE at
at Node
Node BB circle
circle
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control
 General principals of inner loop power control
 The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal
with target SIR, and then sends back TPC instruction.
According to the instruction, the sender will decide to
increase/decrease the transmitted power.
 The adjusted rang=TPC_cmd×TPC_STEP_SIZE
 Inner loop power control is required for the
following channels ：
 DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH
 Inner loop power control is not required for the
following channels ：
 P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

Measure
Measure BLER
BLER
of
of TRCH
TRCH

Measure receiving Measure receiving SIR

Get
Get data
data flow
flow BLER and compare to and
target BLER compare to target SIR
with
with stable
stable BLER
BLER

Outer Loop Inner loop

Set BLERtar
Set SIRtar TPC instruction

10-100Hz
RNC NodeB UE
Close Loop – Outer Loop Power Control
 Outer Loop Power Control algorithm
 Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close
to target SIR.
 Measure the quality of service, including target BLER,
CRC indicator and SIR Error, then set the value of
SIR_Target.
 Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the
adjustment parameter for inner loop power control to
keep the service in good quality in time-varying wireless
propagation environment.
 The uplink open loop power control algorithm is
executed in the RNC while the downlink one is
executed in UE.
The Effect of Power Control
 The purpose of DL power control:
 Saving power resource of NodeB.
 Reducing interference to other NodeB.
 The purpose of UL power control:
 Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.

WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power control

Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
What’s ？
 When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to another,
or the quality of service is declined by external interference during a
service, the service must be handed over to an idle channel for
sustaining the service.
 Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service

 Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

Category of Handover
Soft handover (SHO)
 Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
 Inter-RNC
WCDMA system support
multiple handover technology Softer handover
 Same Node B, Inter-sector

Hard handover (HHO)

 Intra-frequency
 Inter-frequency
 Inter-system (3G&2G)
 Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Handover Demonstration

Soft
Handover

Hard Handover
Soft Handover/Softer Handover

Soft Handover
C C

A A

B B

Soft-Softer Handover
C C

A A

B B

Softer Handover
C C

A A

B B
Hard Handover
 During the hard handover Hard Handover
procedure, all the old radio links with
the UE are abandoned before new CN
ones are established, so there must
be service interruption during the RNC or
SRNC BSC
HHO.
 Hard handover may occur in the Node B or
Node B
following main cases BTS

 When the UE is handed over to another

UTRAN carrier, or another technology
mode.
 When soft handover is not permitted (if
O&M constraint)
Soft/Softer Handover
 The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell
to another without service interruption or without deleting
all old radio links.
 UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously
and take benefit from the macro-diversity.

Soft
Soft
SoftHandover
Handover
Handover Softer
SofterHandover
SofterHandover
Handover
The two Node Bs Node
The two may Bs CN CN
CN
CN CN
belong to the
may Same
belong RNC
to the
same RNC
SRNC DRNC SRNC
Iur
Node B Node B
WCDMA General Handover Procedures
---- “Handover Trilogy”
 Measurement Control
 UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through
issuing a measurement control message.
 Handover decision
 UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement
reports from UE. The implementation of handover
decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on
the system performance critically.
 Handover execution
 UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure
according to the handover command .
General Procedure of Handover Control (I)
 Measuring

The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0 or

RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for
handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies both
the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0
and RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0 ＝ RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation ， RSSI （ Received Signal Strength Indicator ） is
measured within the bandwidth of associated channels
General Procedure of Handover Control (II)
 Reporting
 Period report triggered handover
 Base on the filtered measurement result
 Event report triggered handover
 Base on the event

Measurement result filtered in

UE
Soft Period
Event decided in RNC
Handover
Handover decided in RNC
Hard Measurement result filtered in UE
Handover Event decided in UE
Event
Handover decided in RNC
General Procedure of Handover Control (III)
 Handover algorithm
 All the handover algorithms including soft handover,
hard handover and so on are implemented on the event
decision made according to the measurement reports.
 Events defined in 3GPP specifications
 Intra-frequency events ： 1A~1F
 Inter-frequency events ： 2A~2F
 Inter-RAT events ： 3A~3D

Note: RAT is short for “Radio Access Technology”, e.g.
WCDMA&GSM
Concepts Related to Handover
 Active Set:
 A set of cells that have established radio links with a
certain mobile station.
 User information is sent from all these cells.
 Monitored Set:
 A set of cells that are not in the active set but are
monitored according to the list of adjacent cells
assigned by the UTRAN.
 Detected Set:
 A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the
monitor set.
Soft handover process
 Measurement
 RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.
 UE should perform measurement as required and report the
measurement result.
 Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilot’s Ec/No.
 Decision
 RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement
results.
 RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision
method.
 e.g.

When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an
active set update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active
set.
 Execution
 The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE
starts handover.
Soft handover events

Event Description
Quality of target cell improves, entering a report
1A range of relatively activating set quality

Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a

1B report range of relatively activating set quality

The quality of a non-activated set cell is better

1C than that of a certain activated set cell

1D Best cell generates change

Quality of target cell improves, better than an

1E absolute threshold

Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an

1F absolute threshold
An Example of SHO Procedure
Pilot
⊿t ⊿t ⊿t
Ec/Io

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3 time

Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B

（ add cell2 ）（ replace cell1 with cell 3 ）（ remove cell3 ）
Example of soft handover
UE Target Node B Source Node B RNC

RRC: Measurement Report(Event 1a) (From Source Node B to RNC)

Executing handover
judgement and
adding a radio link
in Target Node B

NBAP: Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP: Radio Link Setup Response

Start to receive

Distributing transmission resources on Iub interface

Start to send

RRC: Active Set Update(E1a) (From Source Node B to UE)

RRC: Active Set Update Complete (From Source & Target Node B to RNC
simutaneously)

UE connects to Source Node B and Target Node B simutaneously

RNS Relocation

Core Network Core Network

Iu Iu
Serving Iur Target Serviing Target
RNS RNS RNS RNS

RNS
Radio Network Sub-system

 RNS relocation can :

 Reduce the Iur traffic significantly
 Enhance the system adaptability
Hard Handover
 Hard handover measurement is much more
complex for UE than soft handover measurement.
 Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to
measure the signal of other frequencies.
 WCDMA employs compressed mode technology
to support inter-frequency measurement.
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
Admission Control
 The admission control is employed to admit the
access of incoming call. Its general principal is
based on the availability and utilization of the
system resources.
 If the system has enough resources such as load
margin, code, and channel element etc. the
admission control will accept the call and allocate
resources to it.
Purpose of Admission Control
 When user initiates a call , the admission control should
implement admission or rejection for this service
according to the resource situation.
 The admission control will sustain the system stability
firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling service’s
QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER),
and delay etc. basing on the radio measurement.
 Admission control is the only access entry for the
incoming services, its strategy will directly effect the cell
capacity and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.
Admission Control in Uplink

Itotal_old+ΔI >Ithreshold Interference capacity

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted interference including the delta

interference brought by the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment
Iown-cell
The current RTWP (Received
Total Wide Power) value of cell, Iother-cell
which is reported by Node B ~
N0
Admission Control in Downlink

Ptotal_old+△P>=Pthreshold Max TCP of cell

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted TCP value including delta

power required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment.

The current TCP value of cell, which

is reported by Node B
（ Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax ）
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
Purpose of Load Control

The speed and position

Increased transmitted
changing of UE may
power will increase the
worsen the wireless
system load.
environment.

The purpose of load control is to keep the

system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as to
improve the system stability. Load control
Load Control Flows

Start

Light loaded Over loaded

Decision

Normal loaded

1. Handover in and access 1. Handover in 1.Handover in and

are allowed
2. Transmitted code power
(TCP) increase is allowed
3. RAB service rate
upgrade is allowed
and access are access are forbidden
allowed 2. TCP increase is
2. TCP increase forbidden
is allowed 3. RAB service rate
degrade
4. Handover out
5. Release call (call drop)
Load Control in Uplink
 Triggers
 RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from measurement
report exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
 Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services
with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
 Methods for decreasing load
 Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink;
 Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
 Handover to GSM system;
 Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
 Release calls.
 Methods for increasing load
 Increase the service rate.
Load Control in Downlink
 Triggers
 TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report
exceeds the downlink overload threshold;
 Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services
with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
 Methods for decreasing load
 Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink;
 Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
 Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;
 Handover to GSM system;
 Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
 Release calls.
 Methods for increasing load
 Increase the service rate.
Cell Breathing Effect

Cell breathing is
one of the means
for load control

The
The purpose
purpose of of cell
cell breathing
breathing isis to
to share
share the
the load
load of
of hot-
hot-
spot
spot cell
cell with
with the
the light
light loaded
loaded neighbor
neighbor cells,
cells, therefore
therefore to
to
improve
improve the
the utilization
utilization of
of system
system capacity.
capacity.
Example for load control

Cell Breathing Effect

With the increase of activated terminals
and the increase of high speed
services, interference will increase.
The cell coverage area will shrink.
Coverage blind spot occurs
Drop of call will happen at the edge of
cell
Coverage and
capacity are
interrelated
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
WCDMA Code Resource
 WCDMA code resource including
 Channelized Code (OVSF code)

Uplink Channelized Code

Downlink Channelized Code
 Scrambling Code (PN code)

Uplink Scrambling Code

Downlink Scrambling Code
Function of OVSF Code

Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2

OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.

OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Function of PN code
 Downlink: distinguish different Cells
 Uplink: distinguish different UEs
Cell Site “1” transmits using PN code 1

PN1 PN1

PN3 PN4

Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2

PN2 PN2

PN5 PN6
Why Code Resource Planning?
 The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
code tree is a scarce resource and only one code
tree can be used in each cell. In order to make full
use of the capacity, and support as many
connections as possible, it is important to plan and
control the usage of channel code resource.
 Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to
avoid the interference between neighboring cells.
 The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should
plan the codes to use for avoiding allocating same
code to different users in inter-RNC handover
scenario.
Code Resource Planning
 The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be
planned easily by computer.
 The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for
every UE can use the whole code tree alone.
 Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is
planned with certain algorithm in RNC.
 Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which
correlates with a channel code tree. All the users under
this cell share this single code tree, so the OVSF code
resource is very limited.
 The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary
tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging
from SF4 to SF512.
OVSF Code Tree
Channelized Code Characters
 Code allocation restriction ：
 The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its

ancestor nodes including from father node to root node and

offspring nodes in the sub tree are not allocated;
 Code allocation side effect ：
 The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring

nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be available for

allocation until being unblocked .

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32
Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation
 Full utilization
 The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate.
 Low Complexity
 Short code first.
 Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels
prior to dedicated channels.
 Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.
 Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink
dedicated physical channels.
An Example of Code Allocation
SF = 4

SF = 8

SF = 16

SF = 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Choose one
code from
three
SF = 4
candidates
SF = 8

SF = 16

SF = 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated ；

Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes ；
Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;
Planning of downlink PN code

PN2

PN7 PN3 PN2

PN7 PN3 PN2

PN1

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4

PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5

PN1

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN5 PN6 PN4

PN5
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
RAKE Receiver
 The multi-path signals contain some useful energy
, therefore the CDMA receiver can combine these
energy of multi-path signals to improve the
received signal to noise ratio.
 RAKE receiver adopts several correlation
detectors to receive the multi-path signals, and
then combines the received signal energy.

RAKE
RAKE Receiver
Receiver can
can effectively
effectively overcome
overcome thethe multi-path
multi-path
interference,
interference, consequently
consequently improve
improve the
the receiving
receiving performance.
performance.
RAKE Receiving

d1
d2

d3

transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
noise

t t t
Multi-finger receiver
 Traditional receiver
 Multi-path signals are treated as interference.
 The receiving performance will decline because of the
Multi-address Interference (MAI).
 Precondition of Multi-finger receiver
 Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect.
 Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative
process
 Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval,
which is 0.26us=>78m.
Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal
coding decoding

transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time < 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can’t supply multi-finger diversity

Direct signal
coding decoding

transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time > 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved
RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving

Single
receiving combining signal
receiver
Single
receiving

searcher calculate

s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves

receiving performance
Combination of Multi-fingers
 Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

at each time delay phase shifting by adding

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3
Content

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features
Capacity of WCDMA

UL c
a paci
ty i s
inter restrain
feren ed b
ce y
DL c
ap
by th acity is r
e po e
wer strained
of N
odeB
Power Rising
 Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access
Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal
code channels.

 WCDMA network Meeting Room

 Code channel transmit talk with dialects
 Channel power voice tone
 Promised channel quality listen clearly
 Channel power rise voice tone rise
 Power climb voice climb
 Collapse over the range can not hear each other
Power Rising
Capacity of WCDMA System
 Under the circumstance of single services:

=

=

=
Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of mixed services ：

…...

X +
Y +Z

WCDMA Capacity Features
 WCDMA capacity feature
 WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity.
 The Concept of Soft Capacity
 The system capacity and communication quality are
interconvertible.
 Different services have different capacity.
 Different proportion of services have different capacity
for mixed services.
 The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code
resource.
Concept of Soft Capacity

Different
service has
different
capacity

Different combination
of service has
different capacity

System
System capacity
capacity and
and QoS
QoS can
can be
be interconverted
interconverted
Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)

Capacity

e
r ag
Qu

ve
ali

Co
ty

All
All the
the key
key technologies
technologies adopted
adopted are
are used
used toto try
try to
to
achieve
achieve the
the optimal
optimal balance
balance of
of the
the three
three factors
factors
Coverage and Capacity
 WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as
：
 Number of users
 Transmission rate
 Moving speed
 Wireless environment

indoors

Outdoors
 The radius of cell depends on such factors as:
 Local radio conditions (local interference)
 Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)
 Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user
number
Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate
 Higher data rate needs higher power
 High data rate transmission is only available
nearby the station
Coverage decrease >384 kbps

>144 kbps
>64 kbps

Subscriber
num >12.2 kbps
increase
Optimization methods
 To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by
increased traffic and meet different requirements
for capacity and coverage in different
environment, following solutions can be applied:

DL  DL/UL:
 transmission diversity (Tx Div)  Add carrier
 high power amplifier  six sectors

UL
Add basestation
 Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
 4 Rx Div “last choice”
 OTSR
Factors affects WCDMA Capacity
Factors Impact on WCDMA capacity
Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing
Power Control
capacity
Handover Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion
Control and algorithm of soft handover
Admission Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission
Control threshold of planned capacity
Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services
Load Control
to avoid overload
The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
OVSF Code
simultaneous connections.

The advanced receiving and baseband processing

RAKE Receiver
technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading

Wireless Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position

Environment and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity
Exercise
 what is the near-far effect
 what is the purpose of Power Control .
 Power control is classify into ( ) ( )
and ( )
 pls describe WCDMA Handover technology
category.
 Handover procedure includes ( ) ( ) and (
)
 What is the Cell Breathing Effect.
 What’s the relation between Capacity, Quality and
Coverage?