NAME AGHA DANISH MEHDI

ROLL NO 17481507-014/3031

DEPARTMENT BS CHEMISTRY-III

SESSION 2017-2021

PRESENTATION INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLYMERS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
POLYMERS INDUSTRY
 CONTENTS

• Introduction of polymers
• Classification
• Historical development of polymers
• Synthesis OF Plastic polymers
• Synthesis Of Rubber polymers
• Synthesis Of Fiber polymers
• Summary
 INTRODUCTION
• A word “polymer” is a combination of two Greek words ,”poly” means “Many” and
“Meres” means “ parts or Units “.
• Polymers are large molecules which are formed by repeated linking of small molecules
called “Monomers”
• Small monomers combine with each other to form long polymer.
E.g
n(CH2=CH2) ------------------- (-CH2-CH2-)n
Ethylene Polyethylene
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

• Polymers classified on different basis as:

• BASED ON ORIGIN
• BASED ON POLYMERIZATION
• BASED ON STRUCTURE
• BASED ON THERMAL RESPONSE
BASED ON ORIGIN

• Natural Polymers:
Those polymers which occur in nature is called natural polymers.Its results from only
raw material that are found in nature.
e.g. Protiens,Starch,Cellulose,Rubber etc.
• Synthetic Polymers:
Those polymers which has been senthsized in laboratory is known as synthetic
polymers.
E.g. polyethylene , polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene etc.
 BASED ON POLYMERIZATION
• Addition Polymers:
Formed by the repeated addition of monomers across the double or triple bonds.
n(CH2=CH2) ------ -(CH2-CH2)-
Ethyelene Polyethylene

• Condensation Polymers:
Formed by repeated condensation reactions between bi-functional or tri-functional
monomeric units.

n(H2N(CH2)6NH2) +n(HOOC(CH2)4COOH) ----- [-NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO-]n + nH2O

BASED ON STRUCTURE

• Linear Polymers:
Consists of long and Straight Chain, e.g. PVC

• Branched Chain Polymers:

Contains linear chain having some Branches,e.g. low density polymers.

• Cross Linked Chain Polymers:

Formed from bi-functional or tri-functional monomers and contains strong covelent bonds, e.g.
Bakelite
BASED ON THERMAL RESPONSE

• Thermoplastic Polymers:
These are linear or slightly branched long chain polymers, which can be
softed on heating and reversibly hardened on cooling repeatedly.Hardness is
temporary and varies with temperature
Example:- Polyvinyl chloride
BASED ON THERMAL RESPONSE

• Thermosetting Polymers:
Its mixture of reactive,lower molar mass compounds react upon heating in the
mold to form an insoluble,infusible network.
Example:- Bakelite
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
POLYMERS
THE ORIGIN OF TODAY’S POLYMER INDUSTRY IS COMMONLY ACCEPTED AS
BEING 19TH CENTURY WHEN IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES OCCUR REGARDING TO
POLYMERS.
SYNTHESIS OF PLASTIC POLYMERS

• The Plastic Industry is considered as First polymer industry . Plastic industry

having its beginning in 1868 with the synthesis of Cellulose nitrate(Celluloid).
• J.W. Hyatt mixed proxin (made from cotton) and nitric acid with
camphor(C10H16O) in presnce. The result was Cellulose nitrate, called
Celluliod.
• Celluloid is considered as natural polymer as it derived from Cellulose, a
natural polymer.
CONTD…

• Synthesis of Cellulose Nitrate(C18H21N11O38) .

CONTD…

• In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic polymer, a thermosetting

phenol–formaldehyde resin called Bakelite.

• Its First fully synthetic polymer which is synthesis

in laboratory . Bakelite
synthesis began with the heating of phenol and formaldehyde in the
presence of a catalyst such as hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride, or the base
ammonia.
CONTD…

• Synthesis of Bakelite (C6-H6-O.C-H2-O)x.

SYNTHESIS OF RUBBER POLYMERS

There are two main types of rubber polymers.

• Natural Rubber polymers

• Synthetic Rubber polymers

NATURAL RUBBER

• In 1909, a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at the Bayer laboratory in

Elberfeld, Germany, succeeded in polymerizing isoprene
• Natural rubber is an addition polymer that is obtained as a milky white fluid known
as latex from a tropical rubber tree.Natural rubber is from the monomer
isoprene(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene).
• Farmoula of natural rubber is (C5H8)n, where n is about 10,000.Monomere of
natural rubber is C5H8.Each monomer has two double bonds and thus known as –
diene.
SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL RUBBER

• Natural Rubber is synthesized by reaction of 1.3-butadiene with sulfur in

presence of heat.
SYNTHETIC RUBBER

• Neoprene, the first successful synthetic rubber product ever made. Invented in
1930 by DuPont company scientists (and first known as "Duprene"), 300,000
tons of neoprene are produced worldwide every year.

• The technical name for this synthetic rubber is polychloroprene.

Polychloroprene is an organic compound. In this case, the monomers are
chloroprene, C4H5Cl
SYNTHESIS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER

• Neoprene is synthesized by addition polymerization of 2-Chloro-1,3-

butadiene in the presence of TiCl4,AlR3.
FIBER POLYMERS

• Nylon was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer. It was produced
on Feb 28, 1935 at the Dupoint experimental station and it went
commercially around 1938.
• There are two types of Nylon which are commercially used.

(1) Nylon 6,6 (2) Nylon 6

NYLON 6,6
• It was synthesized by condensation polymer reaction of adipic
acid(C6H10O4) and Hexamethylene diamine. Both of these monomers
contains 6 carbon atoms , therefore , it is named as Nylon 6,6.
NYLON 6
• In 1938, Paul Schlack synthesized
different form of polymer Fiber identified
as Nylon 6.Its a homopolymer formed by ring opening polymerization of
Caprolactum(C6H11NO) at 533K temperature in the presence of atmospheric
Nitrogen about 4-5 hours.
SUMMARY

• Introduction:
Polymers are big units compound made by small units (monomers).
• Classification:
(1) Based on Origin (Natural and Synthetic polymers)
(2) Based On Structure (Linear, Branched , Cross-linked)
(3) Based On Polymerization (Addition and Condensation)
(4) Based On Thermal Response (Thermosetting and Thermoplastic)
SUMMARY

• History Of Polymer Industry:

(1) Plastic Industry (Celluloid and Bakelite)
(2) Rubber Industry (Iso prene and Chloroprene)
(3) Fiber Industry (Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6)
• Applications Of Polymers:
- Applications in aerospace
- Applications in Sea
- Applications in Medical Field
- Applications in agriculture
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION 
(AGHA DANISH MEHDI)