LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

CARDINALS
 LAW ENFORCEMENT
ADMINSTRATION
(RMG)

Scope: Pertinent laws and issuance, principles,

concepts, procedures, methods and techniques in
the administration, organization, and operation of
police service, to include industrial security
management. Specially, it includes areas to wit:
police administration and organization, patrol
techniques and operations, personnel and records
management, intelligence and industrial security
management.
 Personnel Administration.
Defined
 Personnel administration refers to the
management of the people in working
organizations. It is also frequently called
personnel management, industrial
relations, employee relations, and
manpower management. It represents a
major subsystem in the general
management system, in which it refers to
the management of human resources, as
distinguished from financial or material
resources.
The term may be used to refer to
selected specific functions or
activities assigned to specialized
personnel officers or departments.
It is also used to identify the entire
scope of management policies and
programs in the recruitment,
allocation, leadership, and direction
of manpower.
 What is a law enforcement agency?
 A law enforcement agency is a term
used to denote any agency which
enforces the law. This may be a
state or local police, federal
agencies such as the Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the
Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) in the United States of
America.
It may also refer to a national police
force such as the Philippine
National Police. It can be used to
describe an international
organization such as ASEANAPOL,
EUROPOL or INTERPOL. Law
Enforcement administration begins
with the definition of the required
quantities of particular personal
capabilities.
Police to population ratio in the Philippines
is mandated by the NAPOLCOM. Its primary
basis would be the prevailing peace and
order situation as reflected by the current
crime rate.

Crime statistics attempt to provide a

statistical computation of the level, or
amount, of crime that is prevalent in
societies.
 What is a Crime Index?

Crime indexes are generated to
examine and analyze crime statistics.
The most ordinary source of such
statistics are records reported to the
police.
Crime rate is an amount of the rate of
occurrence of crimes committed in a
given area and time. Most commonly,
crime rate is given as the number of
crimes committed among a given
number of persons. Often, the type of
crime is exactly specified a crime rate
might be given as the number of
murders (or rapes, robberies, thefts,
etc.) per 100,000 persons per year
within an area.
The (UCR) Uniform Crime Reports
contain official data on crime that
is reported to law enforcement
agencies it focuses on index crimes.

UCR is a summary-based reporting

system.
 CALCULATIONS OF RATES
AND TRENDS
 Crime Rate per 1,000 inhabitants: This
represents the number of Index offenses per
1,000 inhabitants.
 For example: What is the crime rate for a municipality
with 513 Index offenses (murder, rape, robbery,
 aggravated assault, burglary, theft and motor vehicle
theft), with a population of 8,280?

 513 (Index offenses) ÷ 8,280 (population) = .061957 x

1,000 = 62.0 (crime per 1,000 inhabitants)
 What is a Crime Trend?
 A crime trend shows the extent to which crime increased
or decreased. This is done by comparing a period of the
current year with the same period of a previous year.
 For example: A municipality experienced 264 Index
offenses in a previous year and 513 Index offenses in the
 current year. What is the percent of the increase?
 513 (current year Index offenses) 􀀄 264 (previous year
Index offenses) = 249 (numerical increase)
 249 (numerical increase) ÷ 264 (previous year) = .943 x
100 = +94% (percent change)

 NOTE: If there were more Index offenses in a previous

year than in the current year, we would have a
 percentage decrease.
Crime trend data from one period to the next are
presented in the UCR Program’s annual report.
A crime trend represents the percentage change
in crime based on data reported in a prior
equivalent period. These statistics play a
prominent role for both offense and arrest
analyses. Trends can be computed for any time
frame, such as months, quarters, or years. The
UCR Program employs two types of trend
statistics: volume trends and rate trends. Local
agencies can compute trends for a given offense
for any period of time.
Trend computation requires two numbers
representing the two comparable time frames.
In the example below, (earlier) represents the
crime volume or rate for the first period or
earlier period of comparison, and (later)
represents the corresponding crime volume or
rate for the second period or later period of
comparison. The trend is computed by first
subtracting (earlier) from the (later), then
dividing the difference by (earlier), and finally
by multiplying the quotient by 100.
 How to determine the Number of Police
personnel per 1,000 inhabitants?
 This is calculated in the same manner as a crime rate.

 For example: A municipality with a population of 8,280

and 28 police personnel. How many officers are there
 per 1,000 population?
 28 (police personnel) ÷ 8,280 (population) = .00338 x
1,000 = 3.4 (police personnel per 1,000 inhabitants)

 NOTE: This formula can be applied to either total police

personnel or just police officers per 1,000 inhabitants.
 What is Police Assaulted Rate?
 This is calculated at a rate per 100 police
officers.
 For example: A municipality with 25 officers
had five of them assaulted during the
month. What is the police
 assaulted rate?
 5 (police officers assaulted) ÷ 25 (police
officers) = .2 x 100 = 20 (police assaulted
per 100 officers)
 What is a Clearance Rate?
 This refers to the percent of Index offenses
cleared (solved), over a specific period of
time.
 For example: A municipality with 513 Index
offenses in a chosen time frame, cleared 95
of these offenses. What
 is the clearance rate?
 95 (Index offenses cleared) ÷ 513 (Index
offenses) = .185 x 100 = 18 .5 (percent
cleared)
 When can we consider a crime is
solved?
 When the criminal/suspect is identified.
 When the criminal/suspect is arrested.
 When the proper offense is charged
against the criminal/suspect.
 What is a Crime volume?
 is a basic indicator of the frequency of
known criminal activity. In analyzing
offense data, the user should be aware that
a UCR volume indicator does not represent
the actual number of crimes committed;
rather, it represents the number of reported
offenses.
The crimes are divided into two
components: violent and property
crimes.

Crimes against persons/crimes against

chastity.
 Offense and arrest rates
 Crime rates are indicators of
reported crime activity
standardized by population. They
are more refined indicators for
comparative purposes than are
volume figures. The UCR
Program provides three types of
crime rates: offense rates, arrest
rates, and clearance rates.

POLICE ORGANIZATION AND
ADMINISTRATION WITH PLANNING -
This course deals with the study of the
police organization, the structure,
function and administration of the
Philippine National Police. It also
includes the study of RA 6975 and RA
8551 and Police planning designed to
guide the students on how to effectively
device strategies and tactics for effective
police operations.
 What is a police organization?
 Police are agents or agencies authorized to use
force and other forms of coercion and legal
means to effect public and social order. The term
is most regularly associated with police
departments of a state that are empowered to
exercise the police power of that state within a
defined legal or territorial area of responsibility.
Police or law enforcement is agency of a
community or government that is responsible for
maintaining public order and preventing and
detecting crime.
 Etymology of “Police”
 The word police comes from the Latin politia (“civil
administration”), which itself derives from the
Ancient Greek πόλις, for polis (“city”).

 The term police refers to a body of civil authority,

which is tasked to maintain peace and order,
enforce the law, protect lives and properties and
insure public safety. Regarded as the initiators of
the criminal justice system, society’s first line of
defense against crime and criminality.
 What is the Home Rule Theory
of Policing?
 The Home Rule Theory – Law enforcers or
policemen are regarded as servants of the
community, who rely for the efficiency of
their functions upon the express needs of
the people. In this concept, policemen are
civil servants whose key duty is the
preservation of public peace and security.
This is practiced in the United States and
in England where the governmental
structure follows a decentralized pattern.
 What is the Continental theory?
 The Continental Theory – In this concept,
policemen are regarded as state or
servants of the higher authorities. This
theory prevails in European countries
where the governmental organization
follows the centralized pattern, e.g. Spain,
Italy and France. The people have no
share or little participation with the duties
nor connection with the police
organization.
 What is the difference between Old
and New Concept of policing?
 The Old Concept – Police service is give the impression of
being merely suppressive machinery. This philosophy
advocates that the yardstick of police competence is the
increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention
facilities rather than trying to prevent them from committing
crimes. While, The Modern Concept – This thought of police
service regards police as the first line of defense of the
criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention. Under
this concept, police efficiency is measured by the decreasing
number of crimes. It further broadens police activities to
cater to social services, and has for its mission the welfare of
the individual as well as that of the community in general.
 What is an organization?
 Organization - In police management, it is
the arrangement of people with common
purpose and objective in a manner to enable
the performance of related tasks by
individuals grouped for the purpose. This
organization can be functional, Line, line and
staff, etc. depending on the objectives and
functions of the organization.
 What is an organizational structure?
 An organizational structure is a mechanical
means of depicting by an arrangement of
symbols; the relationships which exists
between individuals, groups and functions
within the organization. Lines of authority and
responsibility and functional relationships
between groups and individuals are clearly
defined to ensure compliance and
accountability.

 What is a functional Organization
 Functional Organization: In this type of
organization, the performance of certain
duties, at all levels, is controlled and directed
by a separate organizational authority. Each
work unit or function is placed under the
supervision of 4 to 8 specialists, one of each
of the unit’s major or special activities. The
functional organization divides authority and
responsibility between several specialists.
 What is a line organization?
 Line Organization: This is the simplest form of
organization. All operations and administrative
functions are included in the scalar chain of authority.
The straight line organization often called the
individual, departmental or military type of
organization is the oldest type but seldom
encountered in its true form except in any but the
smallest establishments. The channels of authority
and responsibility extend in a direct line from top to
bottom within the structure. Authority is absolute and
definite
What is a line and staff organization?
 In the scalar chain of authority, the line is the
backbone of the organization. The line is
supplemented by the staff, which gives advice and
assistance to the line in carrying out its objectives.
Both line and staff personnel are responsible jointly
for the performance. Line officers take direct action
while staff personnel furnish technical information,
advice and expertise without having direct authority
over line personnel. Line and staff type of
organization is a combination of the line and
functional category. It merges staff specialists for
units with line organization.
 What are police territorial units?

 Police territorial units which establish their

respective area of responsibility are:
Districts, Sectors, Beat, Route and Posts.


 (Area of Responsibility)
Post is a fixed point or location to which an officer
is assigned for duty, such as designated desk or
office/ crosswalk or an intersection for traffic
duty/ or spot or location for general duty.

Route refers to a length of street or streets,

designated for patrol purposes. Also referred to as
line beat.

Beat is an area assigned for patrol purposes,

whether foot or motorized.

Sector is an area containing two or more beats,

routes or posts.

District is a geographical subdivision of a city for

patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
What are police functional units?

 Functional units are

jurisdictional it may be
classified as a bureau, division,
sector and unit.
Bureau is the largest organic unit within a
large department.

Division- the primary subdivision of a

bureau.

Section- functional units within a

particular division. This is necessary for
specialization.

Units- functional groups within a section

where further specialization is needed.
What is the doctrine of chain of command?
 This refers to the line or chain of
supervisors from top to bottom. It is the
system which purpose is to ensure that
orders, directives, and other information
are channeled downward and upward
through an organizational structure in a
timely and uniformed fashion. It is also the
manner through which the supervisors
establish and maintain the necessary
control over subordinates.
 What are the categories of police Tasks?
 There are three categories of police duties, namely
Primary line or operational police tasks, Secondary
or auxiliary service tasks and Administrative or
managerial police tasks. Primary line or operation
police tasks are: Patrol, Investigation, Traffic, Vice
and Juvenile control. Secondary or auxiliary service
tasks are as follows: Records, Property, Crime
laboratory, Transportation and Communication.
And, administrative or managerial police tasks are:
Personnel, Intelligence, Inspection, Planning,
Budgeting, Training and Public/community
relations.
 What is the doctrine of unity of command?
It simply means that each individual unit, and/or
situation should be under the control of only one direct
unit supervisor. Presence of several bosses confuses
the operation of subordinates. In police service, it is
important that only one man be in complete command
or supervision of each officer. Confusion is created
when more than one supervisor undertakes
independent command of an operation performed by
several subordinates or when a subordinate receives
orders from one or more superior. In such a scenario,
the orders given are not likely to be harmonious and
conflicting orders confuse subordinates and make the
coordination of efforts difficult.
 What is the span of control?
The ability of one man to direct, coordinate, and
control immediate subordinates- his span of control-
has physical limits, because he can be only in one
place at one time, and his inability to work for a
continuous 24 hours daily.
Determinant factors for proper span of control are:
Native ability, Complexity of the tasks to be
performed, Separation from the superior from
immediate subordinates, Time demanded by the
public for personal assistance. Factors which results
in error in span of control are: Over estimation of his
own ability and Inability or unwillingness to delegate
authority.
 What is delegation of authority?
 The principle of delegation of work is
related to the process committing an
activity to another’s care. It is closely
related to the principle of span of control
in that even though the span of attention
is excessive, the harm from it can be
reduced by delegation of many details to
subordinates. The division of the tasks of
command among the officers of the
various units is referred to as the
delegation of authority.
 What is command responsibility?
An officer of the police force who is directly or
immediately in command shall be answerable under
the doctrine of command responsibility for any of
the following:
 Misfeasance- It is the improper performance of some
act which might be lawfully done. In the police service
this is equivalent to irregularities in the performance of
duties.
 Malfeasance- Also known as misconduct, it is the
performance of some act which ought not to be done.
 Nonfeasance- It is the omission of some act which
ought to be performed. It as also referred to as neglect
of duty.
Exemptions to the doctrine of “Command
Responsibility”:
When the commanding officer was not
properly informed of the acts or omission
of his subordinates;
When the commander was properly
informed and he conducted an immediate
investigation of such act or omission; and
When he acted upon lawful orders from
higher authorities.
 What is the NAPOLCOM?
 The NAPOLCOM exercises administrative
control and supervision over the P.N.P.
Republic Act 4864 otherwise known as the
Police Act of 1966 created the
NAPOLCOM. It is a collegial body within
the D.I.L.G., composed of the Secretary as
its Chairman and four regular
commissioners. The NAPOLCOM shall be
an agency attached to the Department of
Interior and Local Government for policy
and program coordination.
 Who comprises the NAPOLCOM?
 The NAPOLCOM shall be composed of a Chairperson, four (4) regular
Commissioners, and the Chief of PNP as ex-officio member.

 Three (3) of the regular commissioners shall come from the civilian
sector who are neither active nor former members of the police or
military, one (1) of whom shall be designated as vice chairperson by the
President.

 The fourth regular commissioner shall come from the law enforcement
sector either active or retired: Provided, that an active member of a law
enforcement agency shall be considered resigned from said agency once
appointed to the Commission: Provided, further, that at least one (1) of
the Commissioners shall be a woman.

 The Secretary of the Department shall be the ex-officio Chairperson of

the Commission, while the Vice Chairperson shall act as the executive
officer of the Commission."
Qualifications. — No person shall be
appointed regular member of the
NAPOLCOM unless: "
 He or she is a citizen of the Philippines;

 A member of the Philippine Bar with at least five (5) years

experience in handling criminal or human rights cases or
a holder of a master's degree but preferably a doctorate
degree in public administration, sociology, criminology,
criminal justice, law enforcement, and other related
disciplines; and

 The regular member coming from the law enforcement

sector should have practical experience in law
enforcement work for at least five (5) years while the
three (3) other regular commissioners must have done
extensive research work or projects on law enforcement,
criminology or criminal justice or members of a duly
registered non-government organization involved in the
promotion of peace and order."
 What are the general qualification for
appointment to the PNP?
A citizen of the Philippines;
A person of good moral conduct;
Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests to be
administered by the PNP or by any NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the
purpose of determining physical and mental health;
Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning;
Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the Commission;
Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed
for cause from any civilian position in the Government;
Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral
turpitude;
Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62m) in height for male and
one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1.57m) for female;
Must not weigh more or less than five kilograms (5 kg.) from the standard weight
corresponding to his or her height, age, and sex; and
For new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30)
years of age: except for the last qualification, the above enumerated qualifications
shall be continuing in character and an absence of any one of them at any given time
shall be a ground for separation or retirement from the service.
 What is the waiver program?
 a. Applicants who possess the least disqualification
shall take precedence over those who possess more
disqualifications. b. The requirement shall be
waived in the following order: age, height, weight
and education. The Commission shall promulgate
rules and regulations to address other situations
arising from the waiver of the entry requirements.
Nature of Appointment under a Waiver Program.
Any PNP uniformed personnel who are admitted
due to the waiver of the educational or weight
requirements shall be issued a temporary
appointment pending the satisfaction of the
requirement waived
 What is the Field training program?

 The Field Training Program: All uniformed

members of the PNP shall undergo a Field
Training Program for twelve (12) months
involving actual experience and
assignment in patrol, traffic, and
investigation as a requirement for
permanency of their appointment.
 Who appoints police officers of the PNP?
 Appointment for Police Officer I to Senior
Police Officer IV . — Appointed by the PNP
regional director for regional personnel or
by the Chief of the PNP for the national
headquarters personnel and attested by
the Civil Service Commission. Inspector to
Superintendent. — Appointed by the Chief
of the PNP, as recommended by their
immediate superiors, attested by the Civil
Service Commission.
 Senior Superintendent to Deputy Director General. —
Appointed by the President upon recommendation of
the chief of the PNP, with proper endorsement by the
Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and subject
to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.
Director General. — Appointed by the President from
among the senior officers down to the rank of chief
superintendent in the service, subject to confirmation by
the Commission on Appointments: Provided, That the
Chief of the PNP shall serve a tour of duty not to
exceed four (4) years: Provided, further, That, in times
of war or other national emergency declared by
Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
 What is lateral entry?
 Lateral Entry of Officers into the PNP: In general,
all original appointments of commissioned
officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank
of inspector, to include all those with highly
technical qualifications applying for the PNP
technical services, such as dentist, optometrists,
nurses, engineers, and graduates of forensic
sciences. Doctors of medicine, members of the
Bar, and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank
of senior inspector in their particular technical
service.
 Graduates of the Philippine
National Police Academy (PNPA)
shall be automatically appointed to
the initial rank of inspector.
Licensed criminologists may be
appointed to the rank of inspector
to fill up any vacancy after
promotions from the ranks are
completed.
Manning Levels: On the average nationwide,
the manning levels of the PNP shall be
approximately in accordance with a police-to-
population ratio of one (1) policeman for every
five hundred (500) persons.

 The actual strength by cities and

municipalities shall depend on the state
of peace and order, population density
and actual demands of the service in the
particular area. Provided, That the
minimum police-to-population ratio shall
not be less than one (1) policeman for
every one thousand (1,000) persons.
 What is police promotion?
 Promotion is a status change of a policeman
amounting to dynamic elevation of qualified
or deserving members as opportunities
occurs, to assignment or duties of greater
importance. All promotions should be based
on merits and fitness.
 Kinds of Promotions: Regular promotion-
quota allocated promotion wherein a
candidate must satisfy all the mandatory
requirements fixed for a certain grade.
Special or Meritorious promotion
Time-in-Grade (TIG) – total period of time a
candidate has acquired in a certain grade
regardless of his status of appointment therein.
 Time in grade requirements:
 Based on Civil Service Commission Memorandum Circular 11 –
0479, dated 09 December 2011
 PSUPT to PSSUPT 2 years
 PCINSP to PSUPT 5 years
 PSINSP to PCINSP 5 years
 PINSP to PSINSP 4 years
 SPO4 to PINSP 3 years
 SPO3 to SPO4 3 years
 SPO2 to SPO3 3 years
 SPO1 to SPO2 3 years
 PO3 to SPO1 3 years
 PO2 to PO3 3 years
 PO1 to PO2 4 years
 Probationary PO1 to PO1 1 year
 How are retirement benefits computed?
Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent (50%) of the
base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case of
twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by two and
one-half percent (2.5%) for every year of active service
rendered beyond twenty (20) years to a maximum of ninety
percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of active service and
over: Provided, That, the uniformed personnel shall have the
option to receive in advance and in lump sum his retirement
pay for the first five (5) years: Provided, further, That
payment of the retirement benefits in lump sum shall be made
within six (6) months from effectivity date of retirement
and/or completion: Provided, finally, That retirement pay of
the officers/non-officers of the PNP shall be subject to
adjustments based on the prevailing scale of base pay of
police personnel in the active service."
 What are the benefit of PNP members with
permanent physical disability?
 Permanent physical disability: An officer or non-officer
who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of
injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the
performance of his duty as duly certified by the National
Police Commission, upon finding and certification by the
appropriate medical officer, that the extent of the
disability or sickness renders such member unfit or unable
to further perform the duties of his position, shall be
entitled to one year's salary and to lifetime pension
equivalent to eighty percent of his last salary, in addition
to other benefits as provided under existing laws.
 What is compulsory retirement?
 Compulsory Retirement: Compulsory
retirement, for officer and non-officer,
shall be upon the attainment of age fifty-
six (56): Provided, That, in case of any
officer with the rank of chief
superintendent, director or deputy director
general, the Commission may allow his
retention in the service for an un-
extendible period of one (1) year.
 Attrition System for Uniformed Personnel. There shall
be established a system of attrition within the
uniformed members of the PNP within one (1) year
from effectivity of RA 8551 to be submitted by the
PNP to the NAPOLCOM for approval.
 Attrition by Attainment of Maximum Tenure in
Position. The maximum tenure of PNP members
holding key positions is hereby prescribed as follows:
 Chief PNP - 4 years
 Deputy Chief PNP - 4 years
 Director of the Staff Services - 4 years
 Regional Directors - 6 years
 Provincial/City Directors - 9 years
Attrition by relief. A PNP uniformed personnel who have been
relieved for just cause and has not been given an assignment
within two (2) years after such relief shall be retired or
separated.

Attrition by Demotion in Position or rank. Any PNP personnel,

civilian or uniformed, who is relieved and assigned to a
position lower than what is established for his or her grade in
the PNP staffing pattern and who shall not be assigned to a
position commensurate to his or her grade within eighteen (18)
months after such demotion in position shall be retired or
separated.
Attrition by Non-promotion. Any PNP personnel who have
not been promoted for a continuous period of ten (10)
years shall be retired or separated.

Attrition by Other Means. Any PNP member or officer with

at least five (5) years of accumulated active service shall
be separated based on any of the following factors:
Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two
(2) successive annual rating periods; Inefficiency based on
poor performance for three (3) cumulative annual rating
periods; Physical and /or mental incapacity to perform
police function and duties; Failure to pass the required
entrance examinations twice and/ or finish the required
career courses except for justifiable reasons.
 What is the difference between optional
and early retirement?
Optional Retirement: Upon accumulation of at least twenty (20) years of
satisfactory active service, an officer or non-officer, at his own request and
with the approval of the Commission, shall be retired from the service and
entitled to receive benefits provided by law. While, early retirement program:
any PNP officer or non-commissioned officer may retire and be paid
separation benefits corresponding to a position two (2) ranks higher than his
or her present rank subject to the following conditions:
 that at the time he or she applies for retirement, he or she has already
rendered at least ten (10) years of continuous government service;
 the applicant is not scheduled for separation or retirement from the
service due to the attrition system or separation for cause;
 he or she has no pending administrative or criminal case; and

 he or she has at least three (3) more years in the service before
reaching the compulsory retirement age and at least a year before his
or her maximum tenure in position.
 What is the Internal Affairs Service?
The (IAS) Internal Affairs Service the Administrative
Disciplinary Machinery of the PNP Internal Affairs
Service: The IAS shall conduct “motu-propio”,
automatic investigations of the following cases:
 Incidents where a police personnel discharges a firearm;
 Incidents where death, serious physical injury, or any violation of
human rights occurred in the conduct of police operation;
 Incidents where evidence was compromised, tampered with,
obliterated or lost while in custody of police personnel;
 Incidents where a suspect in the custody of the police was seriously
injured; and
 Incidents where the established rules of engagement have been
violated.

 What is summary dismissal?
Summary Dismissal Powers of the PNP Chief and
Regional Directors: The Chief of the PNP and
regional directors, after due notice and summary
hearings, may immediately remove or dismiss any
respondent PNP member in any of the following
cases:
 When the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is
strong;
 When the respondent is a recidivist or has been
repeatedly charged and there are reasonable grounds to
believe that he is guilty of the charges; and
 When the respondent is guilty of conduct unbecoming
of a police officer.
 What is the PLEB?
People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB): (a) Creation and
Functions. — Within thirty (30) days from the issuance of
the implementing rules and regulations by the Commission,
there shall be created by the sangguniang
panlungsod/bayan in every city and municipality such
number of People's Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) as
may be necessary: Provided, That there shall be at least
one (1) PLEB for every municipality and for each of the
legislative districts in a city. The PLEB shall have
jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen's complaints or cases
filed before it against erring officers and members of the
PNP. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five
hundred (500) city or municipal police personnel.
 Composition and Term of Office. — The
PLEB shall be composed of the following:
 Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan chosen by
his respective sanggunian;
 Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned
chosen by the association of barangay captains; and
 Three (3) other members who shall be chosen by the peace and
order council from among the respected members of the
community known for their probity and integrity, one (1) of
whom must be a member of the Bar or, in the absence thereof,
a college graduate, or the principal of the central elementary
school in the locality. The Chairman of the PLEB shall be elected
from among its members. The term of office of the members of
the PLEB shall be for a period of two (2) years from assumption
of office. Such member shall hold office until his successor shall
have been chosen and qualified.
What is operational supervision and control?
 The term "operational supervision and
control" shall mean the power to direct,
superintend, oversee and inspect the
police units and forces. It shall include the
power to employ and deploy units or
elements of the PNP, through the station
commander, to ensure public safety and
effective maintenance of peace and order
within the locality.
What is the difference between employ and
deploy?
 "Employ" refers to utilization of units or elements of the
PNP for purposes of protection of lives and properties,
enforcement of laws, maintenance of peace and order,
prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal offenders and
bringing the offenders to justice, and ensuring public
safety, particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots,
lawless violence, rebellious seditious conspiracy,
insurgency, subversion or other related activities.
"Deploy" shall mean the orderly organized physical
movement of elements or units of the PNP within the
province, city or municipality for purposes of
employment as herein defined.
 What is planning?

 Planning is the determination in advance how the

objectives of the organization will be attained.
This would include the determination of the
course of action to take in a particular task,
function or activity. Types of Plans: To properly
achieve the administrative planning responsibility
within the police department the chief of police
shall develop departmental plans relating to:
Procedures or policies, Tactics, Operations, Extra-
departmental activities, Management.
Planning is the key to administrative process and
may mean any of the following:

 The process of combining all aspects of the

public safety activity and the realistic
anticipation of the future problems, the analysis
of strategy and correlation of strategy to detail;
 The use of rational design or pattern for all the
public safety undertakings; and
 The act of determining policies and guideline s
for police, fire and jail activities and operations
and providing controls and safeguards for such
activities and operations in the public safety
services.
TYPES OF PLANS
1. Policy or Procedural Plans
2.Tactical Plans
3.Operational Plans
4.Extra-Departmental Plans
5.Management Plans
POLICY OR PROCEDURAL PLAN.
Standing operating procedure shall be planned to
guide members in routine field operations and in
some special operations in accordance with the
ff. procedures: This is specifically referred to:
1. Field Procedures
Example: Reporting, saluting, use of firearms,
investigation of crimes, raids, etc..
2. Headquarters Procedure
Example: The use of phone, use of police devices,
dispatching process.
3. Special Operating Procedures
Example: Preservation of evidence as each chief
has its own way of dealing with this.
TACTICAL PLANS. These ARE the
procedures for coping with specific
situations at known locations. Included in
this category are plans for dealing with an
attack against the buildings with alarm
systems and an attack against police
headquarters by law less elements. Plans
shall likewise be made for blockade and jail
emergencies and for special community
events, such as larger public meetings,
athletic contests, parades, religious
celebrations, carnivals, strikes
demonstrations and other street affairs.
OPERATIONAL PLANS. These are plans
for operations of special divisions like the
patrol, detectives, traffic, fire and juvenile
control divisions. Operational plans shall
be prepared to accomplish each of the
primary police tasks.
OPERATIONAL PLANS composed of:
• Regular Operating Plans (or Programs)
• Meeting the Unusual Need Plans
EXTRA OFFICE PLANS. The active
interest and participation of individual citizen is so
vital to the success of the integrated police
programs that the police shall continuously seek to
motivate, promote and maintain an active public
concern in its affairs. Plans shall be made to
organize the community to assist in the
accomplishment of objectives in the field of traffic
control, organized crime, and juvenile delinquency
prevention. The organizations may call safety
councils for crime and delinquency prevention.
MANAGEMENT PLANS. Plans of
management shall map out in advance all
operations involved in the organization
management or personnel and material and in
the procurement and disbursement of money,
such as the following:
a.Budget Planning
b.Accounting Procedures
c.Specification and Purchasing Procedures
d.Personnel Management
e.Organizational Plans
 What is the History of Philippine Law
Enforcement?
 Early police were typically either military or semi-
military organizations that evolved from the personal
bodyguards of rulers and warlords or from community
organizations in which citizens banded together for
mutual protection.

 In the Philippines, the Spanish regime adopted a police

system in which the maintenance of peace and order as
well as the enforcement of laws are an integral part of the
military system for the defense of the colony. In the year
1712, the Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was
organized as a mounted riflemen or cavalry whose duties
expanded in 1781 from a special commission as
government custodian of the tobacco monopoly to a
distinct group charged with the duties of a harbor, port,
border and river police
In January 8, 1836, by virtue of a Royal Decree, the Rural
Police known as the Guardrilleros were established in each
town. The law provided that five percent (5%) of able bodied
male inhabitants of each province was to be drafted in the
police service for a three year tour of duty.

In February 12, 1852, the Guardia Civil was organized with

the dual function of a soldier and a policeman whose duties
ranges from the suppression of brigandage by means of
patrolling unsettled territories, detention of petty and local
insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was
armed as the Spanish infantry to partially relieve the
Spanish Peninsula Troops of their work in policing towns.
The establishment of the Guardia Civil gave the Spanish
colonizers a tremendous control through a centralized
police administration which enabled the supreme head to
determine the policies to be pursued in law enforcement
and the maintenance of peace and order.
After to collapse of the Philippine Revolutionary
government, the Americans established an Insular Police
Force later known as the Philippine Constabulary which
became the institution for preserving the peace, enforcing
the law and maintaining order. Under the support of the
military authorities, the municipal force was inclined and
subjective to military methods of organization and
discipline since they were established along semi-military
lines. The municipal police came to existence as an
appendage of the municipal government in calm towns.

On September 8, 1966, Republic Act No. 4864 was enacted

known as the Police Act of 1966. This law provided the legal
guideline in undertaking at a national level reform which
contributed to the improvement of police efficiency and
performance. To implement its objectives the Police
Commission was created.
During the Martial Law Regime of President Ferdinand
E. Marcos, The Integrated National Police was
organized by virtue of PD 765 in August 8, 1975 which
was composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the
nucleus and the INP forces as components under the
Department of National Defense.

Republic Act 6975 which was enacted December 13,

1990 created among others the Philippine National
Police, the Bureau of Fire Protection, the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine
Public Safety College under a reorganized Department
of the Interior and Local Government. The law paved
the way for the achievement of a Philippine police
force which is civilian in character national in scope.
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
MANAGEMENT - This course deals
with the organizational set-up,
operation and administration of
security agencies. The principles
and relevance of industrial security
as partners of law enforcement
agencies in crime prevention and
the maintenance of peace and order
in business, commercial, industrial
and similar establishments.
 Security Defined
SECURITY: The term security connotes
safety from harm; it has different
dimensions in public safety, defense
and military matters, information
access and psychology. It is the
condition of being free from fear, doubt,
apprehension, anxiety and danger. It
implies a state of certainty and safety.
 INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
MANAGEMENT defined
 It is the effective, efficient, economical,
realistic, and practical application,
utilization, implementation, adaptation
and supervision and administration of the
security resources and management
operations to protect and preserve the
interest and capital including the
personnel and investments of any
industrial establishment in order to
obtain its goals or objectives smoothly
and productively.
 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERM
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT ?
 It refers to any business, construction,
firms, factories, schools, buildings,
structures, stores, malls, supermarkets,
industries, facilities, installations, hotels
or motels, restaurants or inns, agencies or
offices, banks and credit firms,
insurance’s, etc., including its respective
personnel. Logistics and resources.
 What is physical security?
Physical Security- is the broadest
branch of security. It is defined as a
system of barriers placed between the
matters protected and the potential
intruder. It is concerned utilization of
physical measures to prevent
unauthorized access to facilities, plants,
equipment and safeguard them against
man-made and natural hazards.
 Principles of Physical Security
1. There is no impenetrable barrier. If an unfriendly
organization is willing to devote attention, time,
money, personnel and devises passing any type of
barrier is conceivable.
2. Physical security must be built upon a system of
defense in depth. The accumulation of several
barriers or depth after depth will provide measurable
time delay to intrusion into a facility and it will allow
control of any foreseeable penetration.
3. Each installation is different. Variable factors such
as location, type of plant, personnel would make
every installation distinct even though similar
security measures are adopted.
Three Lines of Physical Defense

 Perimeter defense- such as barriers,

perimeter fences or guards at the gate are
considered as the first line of defense.
 Inside perimeter defense- such as doors,
floors, windows, walls, roofs, grills and
other entries to a building is referred to
as the second line of defense.
 Storage system- such as safes and vaults
are considered as the third line of
defense.
 What is a barrier?
 Barrier- is any structure or physical
device capable of deterring, delaying
illegal access into an installation. If
placed to supplement the protection of
an inside or outside perimeter it is
used to define limits to said
installation. They may be referred to
as perimeter barrier.
Natural Barriers - Are those natural topographic
features that lend themselves to denying or hindering
entry to an installation. The presence of rivers, seas,
cliffs, canyons or other terrain difficult to traverse is
an ideal natural barrier. To fully exploit its positive
contribution to the security system, the natural
features must be evaluated to determine its positive
and negative points in terms of the denial to access
into a facility they may provide.
Structural barrier - A permanent or semi-permanent
structure that lends itself to hindering access to an
installation. It is primarily constructed for two main
purposes, to deny access and to protection from
exposure to natural elements.
Human barrier - Is a systematic employment of humans
as barriers between the potential intruder and the
matters to be protected. The human barrier would give
the alarm in the event of threat to security, apprehend
the unauthorized person, and identify the personnel in
entering or leaving the facility or any combination of the
three. However, humans are subject to being influenced
by a wide variety of factors.

Animal barrier - An animal barrier is used in partially

providing a guarding system or in augmentation
thereto. The cheapest animal used in security is the
geese while sentry dogs, like the German Shepard dogs
are usually utilized in the security business. A sentry
dog is valuable due to its keen sense of smell and
hearing
Energy barriers -Popularly utilized is the employment
of electrical, mechanical, electronic energy to impose
a deterrent to entry of the potential intruder and to
advertise his presence. Protective lighting system and
protective alarms are commonly used.
 What are protective cabinets?

Protective Cabinets - referred to as the final

line of defense, it is a high security storage
area where papers, plans, cash and other
negotiable instruments are kept.
 CATEGORY OR TYPES OF
STORAGE CONTAINERS
Class 1 - Commercial records safes
designed for fire protection.
Class 2 - Commercial money safes
designed for robbery burglary
protection.
Class 3 - Security cabinets designed to
meet specification for safeguarding
classified materials.
 Types of security cabinet
 Safe - It is a metallic container used
primarily for safekeeping of documents
and small items.

It should be at least 750 lbs. in weight or

anchored to the building if lighter.

The walls should be at least one inch thick

and the door 1 ½ inch thick.
Vault - It is a heavily constructed fire resistant
storage facility installed four inches higher than
the floor and part of the building structure. The
door of vaults should be at least 6 inches thick.

The vault wall, ceiling, floor should be reinforced

by concrete at least 12 inch thick. It is normally
moisture and condensation resistant with
electrical conduits which should not exceed 1 ½
inch in diameter.

Standard size vaults can store up to 5,000 cubic

feet and fire resistant of at least 6 hours.
File room - Constructed lighter than a
vault but bigger in capacity it is
installed as part of the building which
holds up to 10,000 cubic meters of
essential items. File rooms must be at
least 12 feet in height, with enough
ventilation and fire proof of at least 1
hour.
 What are security hazards?

Human hazard - An act nor condition caused by

humans which affects the safe operation of a facility.
They include sabotage, theft, pilferage and
espionage.

Natural hazards - Caused by natural phenomena

which results in damage, disturbance and problems
of the normal functions. These include floods,
earthquakes, lightning storms, typhoons and volcanic
eruption.
 What is the difference
between relative vulnerability
and relative criticality?
Relative criticality of operation refers to the
importance of the establishment with reference
to the national economy and security. While,
relative vulnerability is the susceptibility of a
plant or establishment to damage, loss or
disruption of operations due to various hazards.
 What is Personnel security?

Includes all the security measures

designed to prevent individuals of doubtful
loyalty, character, integrity from gaining
access to classified matters and sensitive
facilities. It is composed of conducting
personnel security investigation and
security education programs.
 What is personnel security
investigation?

- Is an inquiry into the reputation, character,

integrity, discretion, morals and loyalty of an
individual in order to determine a person's
suitability for appointment or access to
classified matters.
 What are the motives that
causes disloyalty?

Motives that cause people to be disloyal:

Revenge, Material gain, Prestige, Ideological
belief, Friendship.
 What are the weaknesses of
personnel?
Weakness that make people susceptible to
pressure: Weakness of character, Jealousy,
Gullibility, Indebtedness, Investment,
Addiction to narcotics, Alcoholism,
Gambling problems, Moral depravity such
as lesbianism and homosexuality.
 What is security education?
- The exposure and teaching of employees on security
and its relevance of the building structure used to
keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable
instrument. Security Education Program - A program
given to employees of an installation by lecture and
other means pertaining to measures and safeguard to
be taken to protect the interest of the installation for
loss, damage, sabotage, pilferage, and other criminal
acts. Security Education is composed of seven phases
namely: Seven Phases: Initial interview, Training
conference, Security reminders, Security promotion,
Special interview and Debriefing.
 What is document security?
It is the branch of security involved in the
protection of documents and classified papers from
loss, access by unauthorized person, theft,
damage and compromise through disclosure. The
term document in security matters, covers any
form of recorded information either printed,
written, drawn, painted, sound recording, films,
maps, etc. The object is to secure and control the
sensitive information contained therein so as not
to prejudice the firm, company or agency.
 How information is lost?
a. Information is seldom compromised through
electronic bugging, use of sophisticated
equipment by industrial spies.

b. It can also be lost through negligence and

inadvertent disclosure by the owner of the
establishment or person in authorized possession.

c. It can also deliberately stolen by an insider or

person trusted to have access to it.
 What is VIP security?
Also referred to as Personal Security, it
utilized in the protection of personnel
especially high ranking officials, foreign
dignitaries, and prominent private
individuals from harm, kidnapping and other
similar threats. In the practice of industrial
security, the term business executive
protection is synonymous with VIP security.
POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS WITH
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM This deals
with the set-up of patrol force, its
functions and role in law enforcement,
it also includes the types of patrol,
techniques, tactics and strategies;
supervision and functional relationships
with other police units. It also include
police communication system, the use
of radio, telephone, teletype; techniques
in transmission of messages by the use
of conventional and modern electronic
gadgets.
 What is patrol?
The word patrol is derived from the French word
patrouiler, which means roughly, “to travel on
foot.” In most modern police agencies and
organizations foot patrol had been either replaced
altogether or significantly supplanted through
other patrol methods. The value of foot patrol has
experienced a renewed appreciation in recent
years. It is no coincidence that the foot patrol
officer continues to be the mainstay of the police
force.
Patrol is the only form of police service, which
directly attempts to eliminate desire/opportunity of
an individual to commit misconduct. Patrol is the
backbone of the police department since this is the
only division within the structure of the police
organization that may not be eliminated. Patrol is
the only division that performs without fail round
the clock or twenty four hours duty. Patrol may be
amply defined as a repeated circuit of in guarding,
performed to cover, secure and protect a particular
area.
ROLE OF POLICE PATROL

The primary law enforcement body of the state is

the police. It is the first component of the Criminal
Justice System in the Philippine setting and is
responsible in performing these fundamental functions:

1. Prevention of Crime and Repression of criminal

activities
2. Preservation of Peace and Order
3. Protection of life and property
4. Enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulation of
non-criminal conduct
5. Investigation of crimes
6. Apprehension of criminals
7. Safeguarding of citizens rights and public morals
 Police functions can be generalized into two categories:

Law Enforcement
Peace and Order Maintenance

Law Enforcement embraces crime prevention and

control including customary police functions.

Peace and Order Maintenance covers the peace

keeping role and community-oriented services
(community service role). It has no law enforcement
implications.

“To Serve and Protect” – the bottom line of police

work. Basically, that’s the job of a patrol officer. (AFP,
Sec Guard ?)
Why is it that the citizens usually call first the police when a
social problem occurs?

Traditionally speaking, these are the reasons: Because the police are
constantly available when needed; dependable when called upon;
and capable of providing advice to decide or settle interpersonal
conflicts. Thus, there are two broad duties of police officers while
on patrol.

1. Provide public protection through:

 Preventive enforcement - progressive and continuous patrolling

 Selective enforcement – research and investigation

2. Render social services

Information services
Police Escort
Assisting other agencies
Serving court notices (warrants)
PATROL FORCE DISTRIBUTION

Suggested distribution of police functions.

Police Activity Percentage

1. Patrol Functions 50%
2. Criminal Investigation 15%
3. Traffic Functions 10%
4. Vice and Juvenile 10%
Related Functions
5. Administrative Function 10%
6. Auxiliary Functions 5%
 Deployment of Patrol Force

A choice of patrol method must be

based on:

The purpose of the patrol

The conditions under which it is to be
provided

 Mountain-Horse
 Sea--------Maritime
 Alley-------Foot/bike
 Highway--Mobile
PATROL THEORIES AND METHODS

 Theory of Police Omnipresence – high police

visibility discourages criminals. Normally,
criminals think twice before executing their
plans if there is obvious presence of police
officers. Thus, patrol activity should be carried
in a manner that attracts maximum attention to
the police officer or police vehicles. This theory
applies the principle of overt operation or high
police visibility.
 Low Profile Theory – low police visibility
increases the opportunity to apprehend
criminals. Deceptive absence of the police
officers will let criminals believe that they
will not be detected or caught if they execute
crimes that they plan. In this theory, the
objective is to attract as little attention as
possible while on the process of patrolling.
The officers should operate in a manner that
it would be difficult for either criminals or
the public to determine that the police are
around. The principle of covert operation is
integrated in this theory.
Patrol Methods

 Beat patrol
a. Foot patrol
b. Bicycle patrol

 Sector Patrol (Motorized patrol)

a. Automobile patrol
b. Motorcycle patrol
c. Aircraft patrol (Helicopter and fixed wing)

 Specialized Patrol
a. Horse (Mounted) Patrol
b. Marine (Water) Patrol
c. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
d. Special Terrain Patrol
 What is foot patrol?
It is an integral element of many modern
community oriented policing programs. The foot
patrol officer is usually able to develop a much
closer relationship with the people who reside,
shop or work in his beat. He can readily identify
people on the beat since they experience
impersonal and direct contact with them. The
various roles of an officer- information provider,
assistance giver, law enforcer, counselor and
friend are facilitated by this patrol method.
What are the advantages of
foot patrol?
-It maintains better personal contact with citizens and
develops trust and confidence of the people in the
police.
-It provides clear observation of persons and things.
-It fosters police community relations.
-Patrol officers can enter small alleys.
-Patrol officers presence may deter crimes in business
establishments within their area of responsibility.
-Patrol officers may easily assess the nature and degree
of the incident before pursuing a proper course of
action.
-Closer observation of surroundings, conditions and
circumstances.
 WHAT ARE THE BASIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES OF
FOOT PATROL?

1. Do not establish a set of pattern of patrolling procedure.

 If you patrol your beat along certain streets and make regular
stops at specific times and locations, criminals will learn your
habits and take steps to avoid.

 Turn corners as often as possible to avoid being followed.

 Refrain from taking meal or coffee breaks at the same time and
place during your shift.

 Reverse the direction of your patrol route, often and at random.

 Cut through lanes and alleys.

2. Walk systematically (with purpose) on the beat while on patrol.

Pause often during your patrol and look around you.

If you are not paying attention to your surroundings, you are
not patrolling but you’re strolling.

3. Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol during night or day

shift.

4. Walk near the curve during daylight. This technique offers:

A better view for observing street activity;

Less chance of obstruction by pedestrians on the side walk

if you are to take quick action;

Higher police visibility, which is effective in crime prevention.

5. Walk near the buildings during night patrol.

Check the window glass of street level stores or

offices for cracks or broken glass.

Avoid looking backwards, unless necessary. Use

the reflection in store windows to see your back.

Move discreetly to avoid tipping off burglars or

muggers.

Pause frequently in shadows to observe without

being seen.

Use convenient light to check doors in case of

forcible entry.
6. Do not immediately open the door when intending to
get inside. Observe and evaluate first the situation.

7. Check the interiors of buildings and rattle door knobs

to ensure that premises are secured.

8. Enter and inspect alleys .

9. Watch for persons loitering or hiding in doorways,

either ingress or egress.

10. Use fire escapes to inspect building rooftops once in

a while.

11. Be attentive or on alert for the sound of breaking

glass or any unusual noise the may be caused by
criminal activity.
 What is automobile patrol?

The automobile offers the patrol officer the

ability to cover a large area, to respond to
emergency calls quickly, and to employ
useful combination of stealth and mobility
in crime prevention and the apprehension
and detection of offenders.
 What are the advantages of
mobile patrolling?
-It can cover a wider area;
-It provides faster response to public calls;
-It provides an element of surprise particularly when
a crime is in progress;
-It provides constant availability to public calls;
-It provides officers with needed protection during
inclement weather;
-It enables officers to carry other equipment;
-It is less tiresome making patrol officers respond and
deal with emergencies more efficiently; and
-It is more economical.
 What are the disadvantages
of mobile of patrolling?
-Officers inability to observe their surroundings while
inside their automobile;

-Inability to detect conditions requiring police

attention;

-It restricts the ability of the patrol officer to come

into contact with people with reside, travel, work and
shop around their beat.
GENERAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
IN AUTOMOBILE PATROL

1.Thoroughly check the patrol car before leaving

the garage. Know your BLOW BAGETS.

2.Do not establish route patterns in patrolling

the area of jurisdiction. Recommended patrol
patterns: Practice OMNIPRESENCE
3. Do not develop the habit of using only the main
road in your area. Most criminal activity occurs at
the backstreets, out of sight from the main thorough
fares.

4. Do not spend too much time in drive-inns or

coffee spots.

5. Always take note (jut down) the plate numbers of

strange or suspicious vehicles.

6. Get out from the patrol car regularly or frequently

to be visible and accessible to the public and develop
personal contacts in the neighborhood.
7. Set an example to other motorists

Observe/obey all traffic laws for both safety and public

relation reasons, unless you are in route to an emergency or
while on pursuit.
Always park the patrol car in the legal way.
Use seatbelts or shoulder straps and other safety devices.
Use the proper traffic signal lights and hand signals.

8. Avoid driving too fast on general patrol conditions except

during emergencies or in pursuing some criminals/suspects.
Maintain a cruising speed of 20-25 mph during patrol. This is
slow enough to make detailed observations without impending
the traffic law.

9. Maintain frequent contact with the radio dispatcher or other

communication personnel in the field or at the headquarters.
10. Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or
signboards to trap traffic violators. This is bad
public relations and serves to erode community or
public confidence in the police sense of fair play.

11. Frequently check the potential trouble spots in

your patrol area.

12. Stop periodically among parked cars at the

entrance side streets to observe activity on the
streets.

13. Check the occupants of vehicles that stop

beside and behind you at intersections.
 What is bicycle patrol?
The adoption of bicycle patrol was brought about by
the need to saturate areas not accessible by
automobile and too large to be patrolled easily on
foot. Bicycle patrols may be utilized for surveillance
purposes in crowded areas such as malls, shopping
centers when a uniformed police officer would be too
conspicuous. This method is usually targeted toward
criminal detection and apprehension in crimes such as
purse snatching, muggings and sexual assaults.
Bicycles have a combined advantage of mobility, speed
and stealth. They are easily maneuvered in crowded
areas and cheaper to operate and maintain.
 What is Special Terrain
Patrol?
They are usually four wheel drive vehicles
also known as “All Terrain Vehicles” (ATV),
designed to easily maneuver and traverse
with ease sandy areas such as desserts and
beach fronts as well areas prone to floods.
This would enable patrol officers to respond
quickly to calls to emergency scenes which
may not be accessible to more conventional
forms of transportation.
 What is motorcycle patrol?
For many years, motorcycles have been
utilized for traffic purposes and parade and
escort duties. Motorcycles offer several
distinct advantages for patrol use. It is easily
maneuverable in heavily congested areas.
However this method has manifested several
disadvantages such as its limited utility under
adverse weather conditions. It also poses an
additional element of danger to patrol officers
due to its vulnerability on the road.
 What is aircraft patrol?
One of the most significant developments of patrol
methods has been the adoption of both fixed wing
aircraft and helicopters. They have found to be very
adaptable for police work, although used primarily
in large metropolis and cities. They are viewed as
valuable assets in carrying out police patrol mission
under certain circumstances. They offer the
opportunity to patrol large land and sea areas and
observe things that may be hidden from the view of
officers on the ground. In crimes involving chases,
they can keep close observation of fleeing suspects
and can direct the apprehension efforts of ground
units.
 What is K-9 patrol?
K-9 assisted patrol. Canine units have many
advantages; they are often used in lieu of a second
officer in a motorized patrol unit. They serve as
supplement to the regular patrol force and allow
fewer officers to patrol the same or greater area.
Dogs also pose a significant psychological effect on
would-be-trouble makers. Canines have acute sense
of smell and can be used to track lost or wanted
persons and augment in search and rescue missions
as well. Dogs may also be used in the detection of
explosives, drugs and other contrabands.
 What is marine patrol?
Marine Patrol or Water patrol units are a highly
specialized form of police patrol and are utilized in
those communities that have access to navigable
waterways such as lakes, oceans, and rivers. They
represent an extremely valuable addition to the
regular patrol force. Search and rescue and fire
detection are among the most important functions
of marine patrol units. They are very useful in
patrolling inland waterways that may be otherwise
inaccessible. Marine patrol units are called upon to
prevent drug trafficking, detection of smuggling and
other serious crimes that may be beyond the scope
or capability of traditional patrol units.
 What is horse patrol?
Mounted or Horse Patrol. They are utilized
for certain patrol areas such as large parks
or similar places where automobiles either
cannot access or may be forbidden. Mobile
patrol may not be expected to be used in
wooded areas and fields but animals such
as horses provide the best mobility in these
situations.
WORKING THE STREET

Preparation for Duty – the patrol officers job starts

even before they are in the AOR because they need to
prepare the following that are necessary in the
performance of their routines.

A.Equipment check

1. Police uniform
2. Weapons
3. Watch
4. Money
5. Flashlight, spare battery and bulbs
6. Notebook or tickler
7. List of stolen and wanted vehicles
8. Handheld radio and other equipment as required
B. Information Check – Prior to actual
patrolling the police officer should:

1.Secure and review descriptions of missing

and wanted persons.

2.Arrange any follow-up work from previous

shifts.

3.Check with the officer being relieved for

any problems requiring your attention
during the shift.

4.Check patrol area log for problem areas

requiring extra surveillance.
C. Vehicle Check – in case of patrol officers
assigned on mobile cars:

1.Check the inside of your patrol car, paying

particular attention to the rear seat.
2.Record the condition of your vehicle’s
interior in your notebook for possible
latter use as evidence.

3. Check your vehicles siren, roof light, radio

and other equipment to ensure that they
are in proper working order. Note any
damage or mechanical problems.
COVERING THE PATROL AREA

Attitude

Always present an alert, businesslike, and disciplined

appearance while on patrol – speak and span.
Do not loiter on the street, business places, or in parked
cars. Do not engage in a lengthy, idle conversation.
Report to your dispatcher or supervisor ASAP whenever
you are required to leave your patrol area on unassigned
duties.

Communications

Your message must be clear and to the point.

Use the telephone for lengthy, detailed or highly
confidential exchanges of information.
Learn the locations of all the operative pay telephones in
your patrol area.
POTENTIAL TROUBLE SPOTS

1.Public parks and playgrounds

2.Bars and taverns
3.Theatres and drive-inn restaurants
 What is the difference between
high and low visibility patrol?
High visibility patrol can be virtually anything designed to
increase patrol visibility. It might include saturating a given
area with additional kinds of units, walking beats in the
downtown area, park and walk program for recreation
centers and large parks and similar strategies. The key to
high visibility patrol is the identification of crimes and
locations which can be most affected by increased police
visibility and conduct of such efforts on a systematic but
irregular basis. They are deemed most effective when
frequently changed, in terms of composition, location and
frequency. It is basically intended to deter street crimes.
While, low Visibility Patrol. Low visibility patrol is
designed to increase the rate of apprehension of
persons engaged in selected types of crimes. Its
secondary effect is that other types of crimes will
be deterred as a result of greater probability of
persons being arrested in the commission of the
crime. Surprise is the primary element in the
design of low visibility patrol program. The idea is
to provide a police presence in an area where
selected crimes are likely to occur without the
presence of the police being detected.
 What is directed deterrent
patrol?
Directed Deterrent Patrol. Directed deterrent patrol differs
from traditional patrol methods in that patrol officers perform
specific predetermined preventive functions on a planned
and systematic basis. These preventive activities are
designed on the basis of detailed analysis of crime incidents,
offender characteristics, methods of operating, and locations.
It attempts to identify certain crime trends and then develop
specific patrol methods to interrupt these patterns. Directed
deterrent patrol is ideally suited for cities which are large
enough to experience crime problems in which patterns and
characteristics can be identified.
 What is TOP?
Target Oriented Patrol. Target oriented patrol
strategies are those that are directed toward
specific persons, places or events. It combines the
elements of high visibility and low visibility patrol,
and directed deterrent patrol to identify persons,
places or events which attract to create crime
problems. Various means are then used either to
deny the opportunity for the crime to occur or to
intercept the criminal in the commission of the
offense. Target oriented patrol programs consists
of either: Location oriented patrol, Offender
oriented patrol and Event oriented patrol.
Location Oriented Patrol. Is the process of
conducting intensified surveillance over selected areas that
have been identified through crime analysis or through
intelligence data as being high risk areas for the
commission of selected types of crimes.

Offender Oriented Patrol. It is the process of

conducting surveillance of an individual. In this case, police
intelligence data as well as criminal history information on
known offenders will form the basis for the identification of
targets against which patrol efforts are directed.

Event Oriented Patrol. It is simply the identification of

events which may require the application of intensified
patrol efforts or different kinds of patrol strategies due to
the nature of the problems they may create.
 What is split force patrol?
The split force patrol concept is a means of
satisfying the needs of both preventive
patrol and the demands made by calls for
service. It grew out of the recognition that
both preventive patrol and responding to
calls are important. It involves assigning
one part of the patrol force the
responsibility of conducting preventive
patrol and assigning another part of the
patrol force the task of responding to calls
for service.
 What is the difference between
Reactive and proactive Patrol.
In reactive patrol, the activity which consists of driving around
the district and waiting for something to happen. An old concept
in patrolling which is not very different from policemen sitting
around at the precinct while waiting for calls. The affordability
and sensibility is now being questioned for it does not seem to
effectively augment the crime prevention drive of the police.
While, proactive Patrol. An alternative patrol system which entails
anticipation on the part of the patrol units that something
unusual would occur. It consists of fielding of units in their
respective area of responsibility with described objectives and
specific tasks for the day to augment calls and other on sight
activities. The proactive patrol units will be making burglar
prevention, inspection of business establishments and residences,
saturating places and locations of known gambling dens, drug
dealers and shadowing them for a while to see if they are plying
their illegal trade.
 What is an attractive
nuisance?
A known doctrine of law wherein an
individual is said to maintain on his
business or residential premises a
condition, situation, instrumentality, or
machine that is dangerous to the youth
particularly for young children due to
their inability to recognize and
appreciate peril.
 What are patrol hazards?
A hazard is defined as any person, place,
thing or condition which if allowed to exist
may induce an accident or cause the
commission of the crime. They refer to
situations which possess a high potential for
criminal attack or may create any type of
problem necessitating a demand for
immediate police services. Classification of
hazards: Persons, Places, Property, and
Conditions/Situations.
 What are factors that create
HAZARDS?
Deficient visibility resulting from obstruction of view,
inadequate illumination may cause either crime or
accident hazards. The presence or conditions of
things may create hazard. Such as poorly designed
roadways, obstructions in public places, presence of
combustibles or fire hazards, a lake or stream of
water. The presence of people may create a patrol
hazard. Their gathering may present opportunity for
crime commission specifically thefts, mob formation,
assaults, damage to property or panic may cause
injury to other persons.
Types of call responses by the police patrol

ROUTINE CALL - under this category, the mobile

car is required to observe all traffic laws and rules and
does not normally use its flashing lights and siren
while on its way to the scene. This includes when the
police responds to:

Provide police car transportation

Obtain reports about offenses discovered after the
criminal has left and which does not involve injury.
Obtain information the nature of which is not given.
Investigate apparently abandoned vehicles.
Obtain damage reports.
Provide additional traffic control and direction.
 URGENT CALL – this is similar to the routine
call, which also requires the responding police car
to observe all traffic rules and does not use its
flashing lights or siren. However, it proceeds
directly to its destination and does not stop unless
an incident of far more serious nature occurs. This
includes when the police responds to investigate:

Trouble of unknown nature

Shoplifter complaint
Vehicular accidents in which there no physical
injuries
Prowler complaints
Lost children complaints
Report of mob activities
Reports of domestic conflicts
 EMERGENCY CALL – in most cases, this
category requires the use of the flashing light and
fluctuating siren although there are exceptions, which
include the attempt to surprise criminals in the act. It
is permissible in this case for the responding police car
to violate traffic laws provided that extreme care is
exercised while driving at high speed. This includes
when the police responds to:

Investigate a crime in progress

Investigate a traffic accident in which people are
injured
Rescue or assist another patroller in trouble
Aids an injured person
Pursue or apprehend suspected criminal/s
Assist in firefighting
Stop an ongoing fight
 What are the two schools of thoughts
regarding the best means of approaching any
scene where a crime is believed to be in progress?

 First is to approach the scene with lights and

siren flashing and to pull on directly at the
scene of the reported crime. The idea here is to
frighten the criminal in order to prevent him
from completing his criminal act.

 Second is to approach the crime scene as

inconspicuously as possible in order to use the
advantage of surprise in apprehending the
criminal or preventing his escape.
What are the factors to be considered by the
patroller in choosing the manner by which
an approach to a crime in progress is to be
made?

 These are the factors of: time and day;

condition of traffic; possibility of ongoing
physical assault; and the neighborhood
characteristics.
How Police Visibility is attained?

Police visibility can be done in three (3) ways: physical

presence by being visible as police and easy to locate police
units; patrolling scheme through mobile, integrated, and
widespread, supportive, and redundant coverage; and
response which should be proper, adequate and timely (ideal
is 5minutes response time).

Further, the Police Visibility Program of the PNP can be

accomplished thru the use of the Integrated Patrol System
(PNP-IPS). The PNP-IPS has the following features:

Pre-emptive
Widespread and Forward Deployment
Force Mixture (complementary & supportive)
Cross checking of Deployment
Force Multiplier
Support the COPS
 What is telecommunications?
Telecommunications refers to the
transmission of words, sounds, images, or
data in the form of electronic or
electromagnetic signals or impulses.
Transmission media include the telephone
using wire or optical cable, radio, television,
microwave, and satellite. Data
communication, the fastest growing field of
telecommunication, is the process of
transmitting data in digital form by wire or
radio
1. In police communication, present patrol
officers MUST use 10 codes thru radio

2. Alexander Graham Bell was credited for

inventing the telephone which is considered one
of the best means of communication in patrol
functions:

3. Radio communication is the most rapid

means of patrol communication
4. In transmitting messages thru radio, the
operator should have loud and clear voice

5. One of the 10 commandments for radio

operator is to keep updated and proper log
INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET
SERVICE - The course converges on the
comparative study of police intelligence,
its application and principles, the types
of intelligence, the intelligence cycle,
Modus Operandi of undercover
operatives and the Order of battle
system for the identification of
criminals, subversive elements and
other threats to national security
 What is Intelligence?
Defined as the product resulting from the
collection, analysis, integration, evaluation
and interpretation of all available information
which concerns one or more aspects of area
of operation potentially significant to
planning. As a process intelligence is an
activity which treats processed information as
the basis of departmental policy and decision
making.
As an organization it is an institution
composed of personnel who pursue a
special kind of knowledge for the purpose of
planning, collecting, evaluating and
disseminating information relating to integrity
of its members, conditions that promote
disturbance due to peace and order,
organized criminal syndicates, insurgency
and subversion.
 What is military intelligence?

refers to the use of processed information in

formulating military plans, programs and
policies. This would include strategic and
combat intelligence. Strategic intelligence
gives attention to the capability, vulnerability
and possible course of action of the enemy.
Combat intelligence highlights knowledge
pertaining to weather, enemy and terrain.
 What is police intelligence?

refers to the output or end product resulting

from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available
facts which concerns the activities of criminal
elements and its activities significant to police
planning and operation. This covers Line,
strategic and counter intelligence.
 What is counter intelligence?

are measures undertaken to deny the enemy of

any information consisting of passive and active
intelligence measures. In passive counter
intelligence; secrecy discipline, movement control,
camouflage and proper handling of information is
practiced. Active counter intelligence on the other
hand covers reconnaissance, patrolling, sabotage,
espionage, interior guard duty and fortification of
vital facilities.
 Sources of Information
 Observation evidence, surveillance
reports, interviews, newspapers,
informants, wire taps, government
reports, rumors, casebook records,
utility bills, interrogations, physical
evidence, undercover investigation.

 PERSONS. PLACES. THINGS.

EVENTS
 Intelligence Cycle
Collection of
Information

Direction/Planning of
the Collection Effort Processing - Evaluate,
analyze, integrate,
Interpret

Dissemination and Use

 What comprises the intelligence
cycle?

The Intelligence Cycle is composed of :

-Collection of information
-Processing of information
-Dissemination and Use of
Intelligence
-Direction of the Collection Effort.
 Collection of Information
Each collecting agency of a command is responsible
for procurement, collecting and transmitting all
information of perceived intelligence value to
adjacent and higher headquarters with the least
possible delay even in the absence of specific
instruction. This is referred to as the essence of
procurement of information of which the most vital
factor is access of either the agents or informants to
the desired facts without arousing the attention of
the subject or those given the task to protect them.
 Processing of Information
Intelligence Data Processing:
(1) is a process through which information is
managed,
(2) can increases our knowledge of a particular
problem and situation, and
(3) results in preventive and informed public
policy. Intelligence is a necessity for the
successful investigation of today’s sophisticated
criminals and an invaluable asset for police
managers in making well informed decisions.
The principle involved in the processing of
information is that all information with
relevant intelligence value to determine the
credibility of its source and the accuracy of
the facts obtained. Evaluated information is
then subject to interpretation to determine its
significance in the light of all other
intelligence at hand. Processing- is a step by
which the intelligence is transformed from
raw facts or materials to intelligence data. It
involves three processes namely: Collation,
Evaluation and Interpretation.
 What is the Evaluation Code?
The Evaluation Code:
According to Reliability of
Source:
A. Completely Reliable,
B. Usually Reliable,
C. Fairly reliable,
D. Not Usually reliable,
E. Unreliable
F. Reliability Unknown.
According to Credibility of
Information:
1- Confirmed by other Sources,
2- Probably true,
3- Possibly true,
4- Doubtfully true,
5- Improbable report
6- Truth Cannot be judged.
According to the source of information:

T - Direct observation by the Unit

Commander
U – Report made by the intelligence Agents
V – Report rendered by military or law
enforcement personnel
W – A result of interrogation
X - Observation of any government civilian
employee
Y/Z – Obtained from documents
 Dissemination and Use of
Intelligence
The intelligence duly processed must be
presented to the Commander to enable him
to formulate decisions and plans and is
distributed to all higher, adjacent and lower
offices in the time for it to be of value.
Timeliness which connotes that it should be
forwarded without delay when needed and
Propriety in the sense that it must be clear
and concise, the two must be observed at all
times.
 Direction of the Collection
Effort
The principle in planning the collection
effort is based on the collecting agency's
capability. This is to ensure that the
coordinated search for information
sought may be obtained to govern the
future conduct of the unit. It embodies
the following elements or features:
-The essential elements of
information needed
-The collection plan including
choosing the personnel
-The implementation process
by issuance of necessary orders
Supervision and follow up.
 What is EEI?
Essential Elements of Information. They are particular
requirement for information which the end user needs to
govern the conduct of the operations. In the formulation of
the essential elements of information the following must be
considered:
-The available lines of actions the target, subject or
enemy may adopt which will interfere with or favor the
accomplishment of the mission.
-The next major decision which can be foreseen at
present and additional information needed to
decide.(Alternate or back-up plan)
-Information pertaining to the situation confronting the
unit requested by adjacent or higher command.
 What are document security
classification?
Document Security Classification:
Class I- Vital/Top Secret documents. They are
considered irreplaceable official matters the
unauthorized disclosure of which would cause
exceptionally grave damage to the interest of an
establishment since it is important to its survival.

Class II- Important/Confidential Documents. The loss

or damage of which will pose a threat to operations.
The reproduction of said documents will cause delay
and would entail a considerable expense on the part of
the collecting agency.
Class III- Useful/Secret documents.
Contains operational procedures and
guidelines, wherein loss or compromise
would hamper operations but can be readily
restored.

Class IV- Restricted documents. These

refer to duly processed intelligence reports
not made available for public consumption.
 How do we handle classified
matters?
Handling Classified Security Matters/Dissemination
of classified matters: The “Need to know Principle”,
classified matters should be passed only to whom it
is necessary for the fulfillment of their duties. Every
organization with such confidential information
should insure that only authorized persons should
decide and determine the distribution of such
matters. Distribution of vital documents should be
recorded and tracked down.
Secret matters are as a general rule
not reproduced unless instructions from
higher authorities would be issued. No
classified information should be
discussed in public, over the telephone,
radio and other venue or channel
susceptible to being observed and
overheard by other persons or
unsecured locations.
 What is cryptography?
Cryptography is simply defined as an art and science of
making, devising and protecting codes and ciphers. It is a
science of preparing communication intended to be
intelligible only to the person possessing the key or method
of developing the hidden meaning by crypto-analysis using
apparently incoherent text. In its widest sense, cryptography
includes the use of concealed messages, ciphers, and codes.
Concealed messages, such as hose hidden in otherwise
innocent text and those written in invisible ink, depend for
their success on being unsuspected, once they are
discovered, they frequently offer little difficulty to
decipherment.
Codes, in which words and phrases are
represented by predetermined words, numbers, or
symbols, are usually impossible to read without
they key code book. The term cryptography is
sometimes restricted to the use of ciphers, that is,
to methods of transposing the letters of plain text
(unencrypted) messages or to methods involving
the substitution of other letters or symbols for the
original letters of a message, and to various
combinations of such methods, all according to
prearranged systems.
 SECRET SERVICE
 VIP protection or security- also
referred to as Personal Security, it
utilized in the protection of personnel
especially high ranking officials,
foreign dignitaries, and prominent
private individuals from harm,
kidnapping and other similar threats
 Goal of Security for VIP:
 1. To insure the safety of the VIP and the
personnel.


 2. To prevent unauthorized access to

installations, equipment, documents and
materials.


 3. To protect facilities and documents from

sabotage, espionage, damage, theft or robbery.


 4. To avoid humiliation or internal impediment

and/or compromise.
 Methods of Attack against VIP:
 1. Physical assault, inflicting injury and taking life.


 2. Insult which is intended to humiliate and ridicule the

VIP in the public eye by hoax,


 3. Coercion usually undertaken by blackmail



 4. Threats which are usually grave in nature to inflict

injury or harm to the VIP or any close relatives and
associates usually done by means of anonymous letters,
crank calls, text messages, e MAIL
 Assassination
 It can be traced back as early as the
11th century when a secret society was
established in Persia by Hassen
Sabbah to inflict acts of violence
directed against the crusaders from
Europe. In its simplest definition,
assassination refers to murder by
sudden attack.
 “Theory of Concentrate Circle
Type of Defense”
 It states that any potential attack will
have to penetrate layer after layer of
defenders the heaviest layer of defense
is located at the VIP area. In practice
three rings are to be established
covering the VIP.
 It consists of the Outer ring, Middle
ring and Inner ring.
The outer ring - personnel posted
at sidewalks, in front of residence,
office and covering all entrances.
The Middle ring - personnel
deployed inside the residence,
office, quarters covering all
stairway and elevators.
Inner ring - composed of personnel
posted immediately outside the
VIP’s door and the close-in security
detail.
 General duties of VIP security in
emergency situation:
 1. The primary duty is to attempt to cover the VIP as
closely as possible so as to effectively shield the VIP by
placing themselves between the VIP and the direction or
source of threat or danger.

 2. Second duty is to remove the VIP as quickly as

possible from the established attack or kill zone.


 3. Neutralization is undertaken when the VIP is out of

harm’s way by trying to locate, identify and capture
alive if possible the attackers.
POLICE RECORDS AND PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT -The course deals with
the study of the concepts and principles
of management as applied to law
enforcement. The activities and
processes involved in human resource
of the PNP from recruitment to
retirement. The PNP and NAPOLCOM
Rules and Regulations. It also focus on
police records, documents its
classification and use from creation to
final disposition.
 What is police personnel
management?
Police personnel management is an art of
preparing, organizing and directing the efforts of
the members of the police force in order that they
may achieve the accomplishment of the police
purpose. It is that field of management involving
planning, organizing, directing and controlling the
efforts of a group of people toward achieving a
common goal with maximum dispatch and
minimum expense.
 What is personnel
administration?
Personnel administration is the
technique of organizing and handling
of people at work in all levels and
types of management.
 What are the elements of
management?

Elements of Management:
Authority- which comes from law, delegation
and tradition.
Responsibility- which is a state of being
accountable.
Authority and Responsibility going
hand in hand:

Authority must be commensurate with

responsibility. No one should be held
responsible for the outcome of task
unless he has been given the
corresponding authority for the
performance of the task. This requires
proper delegation of authority-that is- the
one to whom authority has been
delegated is accountable for its proper
use.
 What is the difference
between administration and
management?
Administration denotes functions that determine the basic
policies, programs and the means and methods to the
employed to achieve them. While, management covers
functions that directs and guides the activities of the human
resources of the organization toward realization of policies
and programs and objectives. By its structure and legal
creation, the Philippine National Police is characterized as a
centralized police force, adhering to the Continental theory,
wherein the police force is a tool or servant of higher state or
authority.
 What is the difference
between vision and mission?
THE PNP VISION “ We are committed to the
vision of a professional, dynamic and highly
motivated PNP, supported by a responsive
community regarded as one of the most credible
national institutions and ranked among the best
in Asia.” An organization’s mission is its rationale
for existence. Mission statements are brief,
believable, easy to understand and widely
known. Mission statements are supplemented by
values to which they are based.
The PNP Mission “The PNP shall
enforce the law, prevent and control
crime, Maintain peace and order,
ensure the public safety and internal
security with the active support of the
community.”
 What are policies?
Policies refer to those tools of management which
life and direction to the programs of activities and
sets limits within which action is to be pursued by
the personnel concerned. It may also be defined
as a “general plan of action” that serves as a
guide in the operation of the organization. It
defines authority and responsibility of
subordinates. And formulated by management to
guide the men on operational level.
 What are the types of
policies?
Originated policy- this type comes from the
highest rank or top management and is intended to
set up guidelines in the operation of the
organization.

Appealed policy- this type of policy is born when

problems arise at the lower levels of the
organization and the man in charge does not know
how to meet the problem.

Imposed policy- This type of policy comes from

the government in forms of laws, administrative
orders, rules and procedures and specifications.
 Policies and Procedure
distinguished.
Policies are guideline governing future courses of action and
therefore they have to be stable. Procedure on the one
hand is the actual courses of action such working details
methods of operation, paperwork, review, routing letters.
Regulations are rules intended to guide the conduct of the
personnel which are restrictive and aim to force the officers
to adhere to specific codes of conduct. Work simplification it
is a method of finding easier ways of doing work to increase
productivity, work quality, meet work schedule, reduce
waste, lower accident rates and reduce costs. This method
is also utilized in law enforcement administrative service.
 What are the functions of
Management?
Functions of Management is enumerated as follows:
-Planning
-Organizing
-Directing
-Staffing
-Coordinating
-Reporting
-Budgeting
 Planning
Is the determination in advance how the objectives
of the organization will be attained. This would
include the determination of the course of action
to take in a particular task, function or activity.
Planning may be further defined as the act of
determining guidelines and policies for police
activities and operations and providing safeguards
and controls for such endeavors in the
department.
 Organizing
Involves the allocation and determination of
men and women as well as the resource of
an organization to achieve pre-determined
objectives and goals of the organization. Two
villains in the waste of manpower in an
organization:
-Doing unnecessary work; and
-Doing necessary work inefficiently.
 Directing
It is the overseeing and supervising of the human
resources and the various activities in an
organization to achieve through cooperative
efforts the predetermined goals of the
organization. Work delegation. The act of
transmitting to a person the power to act for
another. Delegation to be proper should
accompany a corresponding authority, specific
responsibilities and finally accountability on the
delegated job or position.
 Staffing

The task of providing competent men to

do the job and selecting the right man for
the job. It involves good selection and the
processing of reliable and well-trained
personnel.
 Controlling
Involves the evaluation or checking and
measurement of work performance and
comparing it with planned goals, as well as
making the necessary corrective actions so that
work is accomplished as planned. Control as a
function of management aims at making sure
that the objectives and policies of the
organization are carried out according to the
approved plan, organizational needs, and the
orders, which have been issued.
 Reporting
The making of detailed account of activities,
work progress, investigations and unusual
occurrences in order to keep everyone informed.
Police reports are used to: Permanently records
data and facts; provide particulars of an incident
to be used for follow-up investigations; provide
data for a uniform crime reporting system and
document the past and strategize future
services.
Police reports must be reader-friendly which
communicates in a simple and plain
language avoiding police lingo or jargon and
abbreviations. The basic content of a police
report includes an introduction, the body and
a conclusion. The contents should answer
the queries who, what, where, when, why
and how. Good and effective reports are
accurate, brief, clear and complete.
 Budgeting
The forecasting in detail the results of an
efficiently reorganized program of operation based
on the highest reasonable expectations of
operating efficiency. It is the total coordinating and
operating financial factors. The role of budgeting
in management: It is a tool of management in the
coordination of operation and financial factors and
It is the preparation of expenditure forecasts for
the coming fiscal gear and the expected money
collections.
 What are the function of
records?
Functions of Records :

-For reference purposes,

-It is used in measuring police efficiency,
-Assists in promotions and assignments,
-It is used to identify individuals,
-It provides a basis for property inventory,
-It controls investigation,
-It makes information available to the public,
-It integrates various departments,
-It establishes responsibility, It reveals unusual problems,
-It assists in evaluating control services,
-Aid in criminal apprehension,
-Assists prosecution of cases,
-It is used as basis of police statistics,
-It is used in coordinating with other agencies.
 What are the types of police
records?
Case records - Which is composed of complaints and
assignment sheet and investigation report. A complaint or
assignment sheet contains information concerning reports
and complaints received by a police unit from the public
and the actions initiated by the police. On the other hand,
an investigation report reflects the findings of an
investigating officer from inquiries and other facts and
circumstances concerning the commission of a crime.

Arrests and booking records – This records data

pertaining to the identity and violations of law of a
suspected criminal and other known criminals which bear
an arrest number for each apprehension made by police
officers.
Identification records – This is a major classification of
police records in which the fingerprint record comprises the
core of the identification system. This includes among
others Modus Operandi files, Rouge Gallery as well as
detailed information pertaining to the physical
characteristics of mostly known criminals.

Administrative records – These are documentations

needed in managing the department’s personnel which id
used to assists in assignments, promotions, training
demotions, issuance of disciplinary orders, commendations
and the likes.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM - This
covers the selected comparison of the
Philippine National Police and other Law
Enforcement Agencies and police
organizations and models in Asia, Europe,
North America, Latin America, Australia,
Africa. Their relation with the INTERPOL
and other Anti-Crime bodies against
transnational crimes and their
coordination and role in attaining peace
and security and upholding the rule of
law.
 What is the etymology of the
word police?
The word police comes from the Latin politia (“civil
administration”), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek
πόλις, for polis (“city”). The term police refers to a body of
civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order,
enforce the law, protect lives and properties and insure
public safety. Regarded as the initiators of the criminal
justice system, society’s first line of defense against crime
and criminality. Police are agents or agencies authorized to
use force and other forms of coercion and legal means to
effect public and social order. The term is most regularly
associated with police departments of a state that are
empowered to exercise the police power of that state within
a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility.
 What is the nature of police
function?
The history of policing and its forms have existed for several thousand years,
with religious, political, or military police wielding power as early as the time of
Babylon. Early police were typically either military or semi-military
organizations that evolved from the personal bodyguards of rulers and warlords
or from community organizations in which citizens banded together for mutual
protection. The duties of the military type of police consisted of keeping the
public order and enforcing the religious or political mandates of those in power.
Rome, under emperor Augustus, had one of the earliest forms of organized
policing. In 7 B.C. Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions (wards), each
divided into vici (precincts) overseen by vicomagistri responsible for fire
protection, among other administrative and religious duties. In A.D. 6, after a
particularly bad fire, Augustus expanded the city’s fire brigade into a corps,
consisting of seven squads, or cohorts, of 1,000 freedmen each. Each cohort
was responsible for fire and, especially at night, police protection in two
regions. To further impose order on the often violent streets of his city of
nearly 1,000,000, Augustus created three cohorts of police, part of the army of
the state, who were placed under the command of the urban prefect. These
cohorts could, in turn, call upon the emperor’s own bodyguard (the Praetorian
Guard) for assistance.
The growth of city and town governments called for the creation of a
special body of men whose primary duty is the enforcement of laws within
their territory. Often times, a small portion of their army was designated to
fulfill such obligation, however it was unacceptable from the point of view of
civil control and repulsive to the political development of standard local
regime. On the later part of the 13th century the police as a structured
municipal subdivision, separate from the military began to exist. Military
and semi-military police forces developed independently in many countries
of the world. For example, the shogun, ruler of 17th-century feudal Japan,
devised an elaborate police system in which each castle town had a
military samurai warrior who served as town magistrate, judge, and chief of
police. He appointed other sword-carrying samurai (yoriki and doshin) to
serve as a patrolling police force. In the early 1700s the Russian tsars also
established a police system to enforce their laws. Tsar Nicholas I later
extended the powers of this police force and turned it into an early form of
state political police—the dreaded Okhranka. After the Russian Revolution,
this force gave rise to V.I. Lenin’s powerful and highly organized Cheka,
the political police that served as a model for Mussolini’s OVRA and
Hitler’s Gestapo. It was during the later part of the 18th century that majority
of civilized nations started to establish a police force which is complete and
distinct from the military organization.
During the reign of King Louis XIV in France in the year
1667, the first police force smimilar to the present-day
police was established However modern police usually
trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the Marine
Police in London, the Glasgow Police, and the Napoleonic
police of Paris. The other structure of early policing,
consisting of citizens banding together for mutual
protection, was best evidenced by the frankpledge system
of early England. This beginning in communal policing
eventually led to the development of the Metropolitan
Police Act and a British police system that served as the
model for most modern police forces. The first
contemporary police force is also commonly said to be the
London Metropolitan Police, established in 1829, which
advocated the preventive role of police as a deterrent to
crime, lawlessness and disorder.
The idea that police are primarily concerned with enforcing
criminal law was popularized in the 1930s with the rise of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the paramount “law
enforcement agency” in the United States; this however
has only ever constituted a small portion of policing activity.
Policing has included an assortment of activities in different
contexts, but the principals ones are involved with order
maintenance and the provision of services. Alternative
terms for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie,
police department, police service, or law enforcement
agency, and members can be police officers, constables,
troopers, sheriffs, rangers, or peace officers.
 What is the brief history of
policing?
Pre-modern Europe :

In early Greece, publicly-owned slaves were used by judges or

magistrates as police. In Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was
utlized to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control,
and also aided with apprehending criminals and handling prisoners.
Some duties associated with contemporary policing, such as
investigating crimes, was left to the citizens themselves. Though there
was never an actual police force in the city of Rome, the Roman Empire
had a reasonably effecient policing system until the fall of the empire.
Under the reign of Augustus the capital had grown to almost one million
residents, the emperor established 14 wards, which were protected by
seven squads of 1,000 men. Whenever necessary, they may summon
the assistance of the Praetorian Guard.
In the early 5th century, policing became a task for
clan chiefs and heads of state. The Anglo-Saxon
system of maintaining public order was a private
system of tithings. During the Norman conquest,
law enforcement was lead by a constable, based
on a social obligation for the good conduct of the
others. More common was that local lords and
nobles were responsible to uphold order in their
lands and usually appointed a constable,
sometimes unpaid to enforce the law.
 The development of "police"
In Western culture, the modern concept of a police paid by the government
was developed by French legal scholars and practitioners in the 17th century
and early 18th century, notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police
("Treatise of the Police", published between 1705 and 1738). The German
Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) was also a significant theoretical
formulation of police. In London, there existed watchmen hired to patrol the
streets at night since 1663, the first paid law enforcement body in the
country, augmenting the force of unpaid constables. The first police force in
the modern sense was established by the regime of King Louis XIV in 1667
to police the city of Paris, then the largest city of Europe and considered the
most dangerous European city. The royal decree, registered by the Parlement
of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant general of police
(“lieutenant général de police”), who was to be the head of the new Paris
police force. The same edict defined police as the task of "ensuring the
peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, eradicating the city
of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and
everyone live according to their class and their duties".
This police force was held by Gabriel Nicolas de la
Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police
(police commissioners) under his authority. In
1709, these commissioners were assisted by polic
inspectors (“inspecteurs de police”). The city of
Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the 44
commissaires de police, each designated to a
specific district and assisted in their districts by
clerks and a growing bureaucracy. In October
1699, the system of the Paris police force was
extended to the rest of France. This resulted to the
establishment of lieutenants general of police in all
large French cities or towns.
This early conceptualization of police was moderately different from
today's police forces, exclusively in charge of maintaining order and
arresting criminals. As theorized by the Polizeiwissenschaft, the police
had an economical and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was
responsible for demographics concerns and for empowering the
population, which was considered by the mercantilist theory to be the
principal strength of the state. Its functions essentially overreached
plain law enforcement activities, and included public health concerns,
urban planning, surveillance of prices and the like. The advancement of
modern police was contemporaneous to the formation of the state, later
defined by sociologist Max Weber as detaining "the monopoly on the
legitimate use of physical force," primarily used by the police and the
military. Despite its differences, this definition was not completely
unfamiliar to the Marxist definition of the state as a "repressive
apparatus" guarding the bourgeoisie's interests.
 Modern police system
After the predicament of the French Revolution the
Paris police force was restructured by Napoléon I on
February 17, 1800 as the Prefecture of Police, along
with the reorganization of police forces in all French
cities with more than 5,000 residents. On March 12,
1829, a government decree established the first
uniformed policemen in Paris and all French cities,
known as city sergeants (“sergents de ville”), it was
argued that the Paris Prefecture of Police's were the
first uniformed policemen in the world.
In the Philippines, the Spanish regime adopted a
police system in which the maintenance of peace
and order as well as the enforcement of laws are
an integral part of the military system for the
defense of the colony. In the year 1712, the
Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized
as a mounted riflemen or cavalry whose duties
expanded in 1781 from a special commission as
government custodian of the tobacco monopoly to
a distinct group charged with the duties of a
harbor, port, border and river police.
In the United Kingdom, the progress of police
system was much slower than in the rest of
Europe. In the 18th century the term "police" was
borrowed from French into the English language.
The concept and the word concept of police itself,
was "detested as a symbol of foreign oppression".
Prior to the 19th century, the only official use of the
word "police" recorded in the United Kingdom was
the appointment of Commissioners of Police for
Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine
Police in 1798 created to protect merchandise at
the Port of London.
On June 30, 1800, the authorities of Glasgow,
Scotland successfully petitioned the Government
to pass the Glasgow Police Act creating the City of
Glasgow Police. This was the first professional
police service in the country that varied from prior
law enforcement in that it was a preventive police
force. This was promptly adopted in other Scottish
towns, which established their own police forces
by individual Acts of Parliament.
On September 29, 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act was
enacted by Parliament, allowing Sir Robert Peel, the then
home secretary, to establish the London Metropolitan
Police. This group of Police are usually referred to as
´Bobbies´ due to the fact that it was Sir Robert (Bobby)
Peel who authorized it. They were considered as the most
efficient forerunners of a modern Police force and became
a model for the police forces in most countries, such as the
United States, and most of the then British Empire
Commonwealth Countries. Many of the Commonwealth
Countries developed Police Forces using similar models
such as Australia and New Zealand. Bobbies can still be
found in many parts of the world, normally in British
Overseas Territories or ex-colonies, Bermuda, Gibraltar or
St Helena. The type of policing in Britain had as its primary
role the keeping of the Queen's Peace and this has
continued to the present day.
In North America, the Toronto Police was
created in Canada in 1834, one of the first
municipal police departments on that
continent, followed by police forces in
Montreal and Quebec City both founded in
1838. In the United States, the first
organized police service was founded in
Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and
Philadelphia in 1854.
 What is the brief history of
Philippine Policing?
In January 8, 1836, by virtue of a Royal Decree, the Rural Police
known as the Guardrilleros were established in every Philippine
town. The law provided that five percent (5%) of able bodied male
inhabitants of each province were to be drafted in the police service
for a three year tour of duty. In February 12, 1852, the Guardia Civil
was organized with the dual function of a soldier and a policeman
whose duties ranges from the suppression of brigandage by means
of patrolling unsettled territories, detention of petty and local
insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was armed as the
Spanish infantry to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsula Troops of
their work in policing towns. The establishment of the Guardia Civil
gave the Spanish colonizers a tremendous control through a
centralized police administration which enabled the supreme head to
determine the policies to be pursued in law enforcement and the
maintenance of peace and order.
Months before the period of Philippine Independence under
the regime of Revolutionary president Emilio Aguinaldo, the
Spanish organized police force easily collapsed. A Police
system was organized to be a psuedo-military group
capable of modification to suit the general military
campaign and to inform the objectives of the revolutionary
government. After to collapse of the Philippine
Revolutionary government, the Americans established an
Insular Police Force later known as the Philippine
Constabulary which became the institution for preserving
the peace, enforcing the law and maintaining order. Under
the support of the military authorities, the municipal force
was inclined and subjective to military methods of
organization and discipline since they were established
along semi-military lines. The municipal police become to
existence as an appendage of the municipal government
in calm towns.
On September 8, 1966, Republic Act No. 4864 was enacted
known as the Police Act of 1966. This law provided the legal
guideline in undertaking at a national level reform which
contributed to the improvement of police efficiency and
performance. To implement its objectives the National Police
Commission was created. During the Martial Law Regime of
President Ferdinand E. Marcos, The Integrated National Police
was organized by virtue of PD 765 in August 8, 1975 which was
composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the
INP forces as components under the Department of National
Defense. Republic Act 6975 which was enacted December 13,
1990 created among others the Philippine National Police, the
Bureau of Fire Protection, the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College under a
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government.
The law paved the way for the achievement of a Philippine police
force which is civilian in character national in scope.
 What is the INTERPOL?
The International Criminal Police Organization, more popularly known
by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization assisting
international police cooperation. Interpol was founded in Austria in
1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission, with
headquarters located in Vienna until 1942. Following the German-
Austrian union (“Anschluss”) in 1938, it fell under the control of Nazi
Germany and was utilized as a Gestapo information-gathering unit. Its
headquarters were relocated to Berlin in 1942. After the end of World
War II in 1945, it was reorganized by senior military officials from
Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, and new
headquarters were established in Saint Cloud, a town on the outskirts
of Paris. In 1956 it adopted its telegraphic address as its name in 1956.
They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their
present location, Lyons. Interpol is the world's fourth-largest
international organization, with a membership of 186 countries.
Member countries provides finance of around €41.7 million through
annual contributions. The organization's headquarters is located in
Lyons, France.
In order to maintain political neutrality,
Interpol's constitution prohibits its
involvement in crimes that do not overlap
several member countries, or in any military,
political, racial or religious crime. Its
operation focuses primarily on public safety,
terrorism, organized crime, war crimes, illicit
drug production, drug trafficking, weapons
smuggling, trafficking in human beings,
money laundering, child pornography, white-
collar crime, computer crime and corruption.
Each member country operates a National Central Bureau (NCB)
manned by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the
designated contact point for the Interpol General Secretariat,
regional bureaux and other member countries necessitating aid with
overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of
international fugitives. This is particularly significant in countries
which have many law-enforcement agencies. The NCB for the
Philippines is housed at the National Bureau of Investigation, under
the Department of Justice will ensure the proper transmission of
information to the correct agency involved with law enforcement and
criminal justice. Interpol maintains a substantial database charting
unsolved crimes and both convicted and alleged criminals. At any
given time, a member nation has access to specific sections of the
database and its police forces are encouraged to check information
held by Interpol whenever a major crime is committed. The
underlying principle behind this is that criminal syndicates such as
drug traffickers have international connection, and so it is likely that
crimes will extend beyond political boundaries. A member nation's
police force can contact one or more member nations by sending a
message relayed through Interpol.
What are the police function?

The role of the police is being incisively

scrutinized under our modern criminal justice
system and society. It is for single reason that it
is difficult to define with certainty the actual role
of policing that must be developed to meet the
expectations and desires of the community from
its police force. Be that as it may, Charles D. Hale
in this book entitled “Police Patrol Organizations
and Management” mentions the following as the
goal and objectives of the law enforcement:
CRIME PREVENTION: There is a
misconception that to control crime is the most
important function of the policing. It must be stated
that crime is equally a community problem and is
not just a law enforcer’s concern. The citizenry
must cooperate and coordinate with the police in
order to curtail the increase in the crime incidents.
A good example of this cooperative effort to
prevent crime is the vigilance of the community in
reporting the presence of strangers in their place
during the hour of the night to the police
dispatcher.
CRIMINAL APPREHENSION - This pertains on
the tasked of arresting criminal offenders, in
Philippine jurisdiction, arrest is an extra-ordinary
power vested to the members of the Philippine
National Police and other law enforcement
agencies. As a general rule, arrest should be
subsequent only after a warrant of arrest is issued
by a judge. However, the Law on Arrest contained
in rule 113, Sec. 1 to 17 of the Revised Rules on
Court, citizen’s arrest or warrant-less arrest may
be effected by any private person:
-When in his presence, the person to be arrested
has committed, is actually committing or is about
to commit a felony;

-When an offense has in fact been committed, and

he has personal knowledge of facts indicating that
the person to be arrested has committed it;

-When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who

has escaped from a penal establishment or place
were he is serving final judgment or temporarily
confined while his case is pending, or has escaped
while being transferred from one confinement to
another (Sec. 5 Rule 113).
No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making
an arrest, and the person arrested shall not be subject to
any greater restraint than is necessary for his detention
(Sec. 2 Rule 113). If it is very certain that the suspect to be
arrested shows violence resistance, the law enforcer may
use reasonable force to compel surrender. In fact, it is
admitted that degree of force to make an arrest rest upon
the sound discretion of the officer which cannot be
questioned except if it can be proven that he employed
malicious abuse of authority. Thus, it was decided that it
was unnecessary to kill a person while sleeping even if he
is an incorrigible criminal, an escape, an ex-convict and a
“good for nothing” individual. In short, even the police must
respect the rule of law.
LAW ENFORCEMENT - In this particular function
the police are in some sort of dilemma when
confronted with the options either to strictly
implement the law or to be lenient in its
enforcement. If the first alternative is chosen, the
police are charged of lacking understanding and
sensitivity. On the other hand, if the second choice
is undertaken by the law enforcers, they era
immediately blamed for not performing their
assigned task to uphold the law. This problem
arises simply because there are no clear-cut
guidelines of the policies for them to follow. More
often than not the police officer merely used their
wise and sound discretion based on their own
judgment, experience the conscience.
ORDER MAINTENANCE - This is considered a difficult
responsibility of the police because of different concept on
how it may be best maintained. There are no concrete
guidelines on how it may be attained. An entirely
acceptable degree of social order may be acceptable in a
certain society but may be not fully acceptable in another
sector of society. Like the other duties of the police, the
identification of other maintenance if left to their own
decision. Police role is not so complicated where people
have similar concept of the true meaning of order. This
function of the police leans upon the authority given to
them as the representatives of the “Law and Order.”
 What is the coverage of
police community relations?
Coverage of Police Community Relations:

A. Public Information Program. This evolves upon the

concept of keeping members of society informed so that
they will appreciate and understand the complexity of police
work and the services rendered by our men in uniform. It
is made possible by personal media, mass media which
includes printed matters and audio-visual communications.

B. Public Relations Program. It is focused on building a

good image for the police organization through actual
performance without inefficiency and corruption. Its
objective is to gain public support and win citizen’s
cooperation to accomplish police tasks.
C. Civic Action Program. This endeavor attempts to
impart to the members of the community that police officers
are their friends and the partners as well as their
defenders. Its activities includes rendering public
assistance in cases of emergencies and calamities, police
participation in community affairs and the police efforts to
prevent juvenile delinquency by means of actively engaging
and participating in youth activities.

D. Mass Communication Program. It is designed to

influence the opinions, attitudes, behavior and emotions of
the public in a manner that they will behave in accordance
with law.
 What are the objectives of
police community relations?
Objectives of Police Community Relations.
-To maintain and develop confidence and goodwill of the
community for the police.
-To obtain public assistance and cooperation.
-To develop public appreciation, understanding and
support for the services of the police.
-To create broader understanding and sympathy with the
need and the problems of the police.
-To facilitate law enforcement and compliance.
-To build public opinion in favor of the police.
-To achieve the police purpose of preserving peace,
protecting life and property, and the prevention of crime.
What are the line police task?
Primary line or operational police tasks:

Patrol - The word patrol is derived from the

French word patrouiler, which means roughly, “to
travel on foot.” In most modern police agencies
and organizations foot patrol had been either
replaced altogether or significantly supplanted
through other patrol methods. However, the value
of foot patrol has experienced a renewed
appreciation in recent years. It is no coincidence
that the foot patrol officer continues to be the
mainstay of the police force.
Patrol is the only form of police service, which
directly attempts to eliminate desire/opportunity of
an individual to commit misconduct. Patrol is the
backbone of the police department since this is the
only division within the structure of the police
organization that may not be eliminated. Patrol is
the only division that performs without fail round
the clock or twenty four hours duty. Patrol may be
amply defined as a repeated circuit of in guarding,
performed to cover, secure and protect a particular
area.
Preventive Police, also known as Uniform
Branch, Uniformed Police, Administrative
Police, Order Police, or Patrol, designates
the police units which patrol and respond to
emergencies and other incidents, as
opposed to detective services. As the name
"uniformed" implies, they wear uniforms and
perform functions that require an immediate
recognition of an officer's legal authority.
Investigation - Detective Police, also
referred to as CID, Investigations Police,
Judiciary Police / Judicial Police, or Criminal
Police, are responsible for investigations
and detective work. They usually make up
approximately 15% - 25% of a police
service's personnel. Detectives services
often contain subgroups whose job it is to
investigate specific types of crime.
Detectives, compared to uniform police, typically wear
'business attire' in bureaucratic and investigative functions
where a uniformed presence would be either a distraction
or intimidating. "Plainclothes" officers dress in apparel
consistent with that worn by the general public for purposes
of blending in. In some cases, police units assigned to this
line of work are required to work "undercover", where they
conceal their police identity, sometimes for long periods, to
investigate crimes, such as organized crime, unsolvable by
other means. In some cases this type of policing shares
some aspects with espionage.
Criminal Investigation refers to a collection of methods by
which crimes are studied and criminals arrested. It is also
defined as an art which deals with the identity and location
of the offender and provides evidence of his guilt in a
criminal proceeding. The criminal investigator seeks to
ascertain the motives, methods, and identities of criminals
and the identity of victims and may also search for and
interrogate witnesses. Identification of a criminal who has
left no fingerprints or other conclusive evidence can often
be advanced by analysis of the modus operandi;
professional criminals tend to stick to a certain technique
(e.g., forcing entrance), to seek certain types of booty, and
to leave a certain trademark (e.g., the means by which a
victim is tied up).
Criminal investigations are usually reactive in
nature, which means that they proceed with the
case immediately after a crime has been
committed. Criminal Investigators generally work
with deductive logic. This is done by logical
progression through sequence of event, from the
general to specific. An example would be
collecting evidence from the crime scene,
interviewing any witness, checking a suspect's
criminal records among others. Investigation case
files are considered as open files. They contain
information developed for the purpose of
eventually making an arrest and gaining conviction
in the court of law.
Traffic - Traffic management is an executive function
which includes planning, organizing, directing, supervising,
coordinating, operating, reporting and budgeting traffic
affairs. Some members of the police force entirely ignore
traffic violations on wrong assumption that the
implementation of the traffic laws is not part of their jobs.
Traffic accidents should be thoroughly analyzed regularly to
know them, when and how accident occur so that proper
preventive measures should be undertaken to avoid
damages to property, injuries to persons loss of countless
lives. It also refers to all agencies having responsibilities for
ascertaining traffic flow requirements, such as planning,
approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining public
facilities for such movement. Further, it also refers to all
agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting,
stopping, prohibiting, or controlling the use of these
facilities.
Traffic-refers to the movement of persons, goods,
and vehicles either powered by animals or animal-
drawn vehicles, or by combustion system from one
place to another for the purpose of safe travel.
Through frequently applied to the movement of
motor vehicles, is concerned also with as persons,
goods, or even messages: articles such as city
planning, transportation emphasizes the economic,
social, political importance of the design of
facilities: systems of movement.
Vice Control - Vice refers to any immoral conduct or
habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness and corruption of the mind and body. As a
social problem, vice control must be a coordinated effort of
the government, the family, the community, the school
system, the church, mass media and civic groups who
must actively campaign for the suppression of vices in
society. The government by means of police power serving
as an effective agency of control must embark on
repressive measures against vice maintainers. The
community members as a whole must make an effort to
attain moral education and economic upliftment through
civic mindedness and voluntary participation.
Commercialized vices are organized operations which run
similarly to a legitimate business enterprise, branching out
to legal undertakings as a front to cover their illicit trade
and launder illegally amassed wealth. They maintain
complete personnel for purposes of management,
supervision and operation as well as provide funds for
security, informers and protection money to prevent police
raids and arrests, prosecution and conviction if the need
arise. Identifying the head of operation is difficult since the
business are interwoven with each other ranging from
prostitution, drug traffic and gambling catering to numerous
forms of clientele and customers such as criminals,
pleasure seekers, substance abusers, gamblers and
alcoholics.
The four most persistent and common forms of vices are
alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution and gambling. Vice
control always poses problems to law enforcement work
due to the clandestine nature of the commission of the acts
relating to vices. Vice operators enjoy goodwill hence it
results to the lack of cooperation from the players,
customers, the victims and the community members at
large, In addition there is public apathy and indifference
towards vice control. Lastly there is seemingly a lack of
political will among government leaders to work against
vice existence for vice operations is a good source of funds
an laughing money used in exerting influence, bribes,
protection and campaign expenditures.
Vice control is significant because of its
persistence and continued presence in our society.
They tend to affect directly and indirectly the daily
lives of the people in the community. Since its
effects are harmful and disastrous orally, its
physical results would be an increase in crime
occurrences. Vice disrupts the social stability and
make-up of the Filipino family and a burden to
youth who are the most affected members of
society due to vice problems. Its prevention and
control is vital for nation building and sustained
economic growth of the country.
Juvenile Control - Juvenile delinquency is an
anti-social behavior or act which differs from the
normal model of set of laws and parameters,
culture, custom which society in broad-spectrum
does not conform. Juvenile delinquency generally
refers to youth behavior which is against norm and
regulations of society, which if left unchecked
would give rise to criminality. The prevention of
juvenile delinquency is an essential part of crime
prevention in society. The saying an ounce of
prevention is better than a pound of cure would
clearly manifest the importance of misbehavior
deterrence among our youth.
By engaging in lawful, socially useful activities and
adopting a humanistic orientation towards society
and outlook on life, young persons can develop
non-criminogenic attitudes. The successful
prevention of juvenile delinquency requires efforts
on the part of the entire society to ensure the
harmonious development of adolescents, with
respect for and promotion of their personality from
early childhood. Young persons should have an
active role and partnership within society and
should not be considered as mere objects of
control and socialization. Furthermore, the well-
being of young persons from their early childhood
should be the focus of any preventive program.
 What are limitations on law
enforcement?
Restrictions upon the power of the police

In order for police officers to do their job, they may

be vested by the state with a monopoly in the use
of certain powers. These include the powers to
arrest, search, seize, and interrogate; and if
necessary, to use lethal force. In nations with
democratic systems and the rule of law, the law of
criminal procedure has been developed to regulate
officers' discretion, so that they do not exercise
their vast powers arbitrarily or unjustly.
In U.S. criminal procedure the most famous case is
Miranda v. Arizona which led to the widespread use of
Miranda warnings or constitutional warnings. U.S. police
are also prohibited from holding criminal suspects for more
than a reasonable amount of time (usually 72 hours) before
arraignment, using torture to extract confessions, using
excessive force to effect an arrest, and searching suspects'
bodies or their homes without a warrant obtained upon a
showing of probable cause. Using deception for
confessions is permitted, but not coercion. There are
exceptions or exigent circumstances such as an articulated
need to disarm a suspect or searching a suspect who has
already been arrested (Search Incident to an Arrest). The
Posse Comitatus Act severely restricts the use of the U.S.
military for police activity, giving added importance to police
SWAT units.
British police officers are governed by similar rules,
particularly those introduced under the Police and Criminal
Evidence Act 1984, but generally have greater powers.
They may, for example, legally search any suspect who
has been arrested, or their vehicles, home or business
premises, without a warrant, and may seize anything they
find in a search as evidence. All police officers in the United
Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in
terms of their legal position. This means that a newly
appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief
Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks
have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of
police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of
a suspect's house (section 18 PACE) by an officer of the
rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's
detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.
 Difficult issues
Police organizations must sometimes deal with the issue
of police corruption, which is often abetted by a code of
silence that encourages unquestioning loyalty to one's
comrades over the cause of justice. In the comparatively
rare event that an officer breaks this code on a
significant scale, they may receive death threats or even
be left for dead, as in the case of Frank Serpico. One
way to fight such corruption is by having an independent
or semi-independent organization investigate, such as (in
the United States) the Federal Justice Department, state
Attorneys General, local District Attorneys, a police
department's own internal affairs division, or specially
appointed commissions. However, independent
organizations are generally not called except for the most
severe cases of corruption.
Some believe that police forces have traditionally been
responsible for enforcing many bigoted perspectives which
have been prevalent at various periods throughout history.
Ageism against teens, homophobia, racism, and sexism
are views which police have been charged with having held
and enforced.

Some police organizations are faced with routine

accusations of racial profiling. Police forces also find
themselves under criticism for their use of force, particularly
deadly force, when a police officer of one race kills a
suspect of another race. In the United States, such events
routinely spark protests and accusations of racism against
police.(SELECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT)
Finally, in many places, the social status and pay of police
can lead to major problems with recruitment and morale.
Jurisdictions lacking the resources or the desire to pay
police appropriately, lacking a tradition of professional and
ethical law enforcement, or lacking adequate oversight of
the police often face a dearth of quality recruits, a lack of
professionalism and commitment among their police, and
broad mistrust of the police among the public. These
situations often strongly contribute to police corruption and
brutality. This is particularly a problem in countries
undergoing social and political development; countries that
lack rule of law or civil service traditions; or countries in
transition from authoritarian or Communist governments in
which the prior regime's police were little more than
praetorians.
Some cities employ quotas of how many traffic tickets a
police officer should write, although the practice is illegal in
others. Furthermore, other cities deny that there are
quotas, but many police officers have come forward stating
that they are pressured to write traffic tickets, since they
usually produce revenue for the local government issuing
the tickets. Some cities make millions of dollars annually on
traffic tickets, which helps fund local government. Many
rural jurisdictions (towns) generate 90% of their revenue
from traffic tickets. A few cities have actually admitted there
are quotas. This can be an issue with the general populace
as well as an issue within the police department. In some
cities, police complain about being turned into tax collectors
by the politicians preventing them from doing their real job,
which they consider to be fighting crime and keeping the
peace.