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3G
Atunu Gorai
WCDMA Frequency and Spectrum
What is the major difference in link budgets between UMTS and GSM/TDMA?
In UMTS you generally have a link budget for each service (voice, data, video etc),
in GSM you usually only use 1 for voice. Each service has a different Eb/No target.
In UMTS you have to consider the target traffic load you will have and add a
noise-rise margin, in GSM you may have a slight interference margin but not
normally related to traffic. In UMTS some services (like voice) will show up as
uplink limited but other services (like HSDPA, 384kbps service) will show as
downlink limited. In UMTS you usually have to consider that all users use the
same power from the BTS therefore the more number of users the lower the
maximumpower available per user (maximum power per connection) which is a
starting point in the link budget.
KPI calculation
(nbr_of_samples_EcIo>=-12dB)/
CPICH Ec/Io ≥-12dB N/A
(tot_nbr_of_samples_EcIo)
(nbr_of_voice_call_setup_time≤10s)/
≤10s ≥99% (nbr_of_successful_voice_call_setup)
Voice call setup time voice_call_setup_time =[T(CC_alerting) - T(first_RRC_connection_request)]
(Mobile to 1764440) (nbr_of_voice_call_setup_time≤9s)/
≤9s ≥95% (nbr_of_successful_voice_call_setup)
voice_call_setup_time =[T(CC_alerting) - T(first_RRC_connection_request)]
(nbr_of_voice_call_drop)/
Voice call drop rate Max % ≤2%
[(call_duration_time)/90sec]
(nbr_of_PDP_activation_delay≤2s)/
(nbr_of_PDP_context_activation_accept)
PDP activation delay ≤2s ≥99%
PDP_activation_delay= [T(PDP_context_activation_accept)-
T(PDP_context_activation_request)]
(downloaded_data_kbit)/
PS 384k FTP DL Avg Throughput 280kbps
(data_session_duration)
(uploaded_data_kbit)/
PS 384k FTP UL Avg Throughput 280kbps
(data_session_duration)
(downloaded_data_kbit)/
HSDPA FTP Avg Throughput 4.5Mbps
(data_session_duration)
(uploaded_data_kbit)/
HSUPA FTP Avg Throughput 1.1Mbps
(data_session_duration)
Case 1: Drop due to missing neighbor
Problem: Detected Nighbor (DN)
• UE sends a Measurement Report that contains an event1a means adding a new RL
(cell) to Active Set
• If the reported cell is not in the current neighbor cell list and the reported Ec/No is
better than the best serving cell Ec/No in AS by some dBs (set by a RNC parameter)
• If for any reason the new cell can not be added to AS, call will be released
2. If the UE reconnects to the network immediately after call drop and the scramble of
the cell that UE camps on is different from that upon call drop, missing neighbor cell
is probable. Confirm it by measurement control (search the messages back from call
drop for the latest intra-frequency measurement control message. Check the
neighbor cell list of this measurement control message)
Uplink or downlink DCH power helps to confirm the weak coverage is in uplink or
downlink by the following methods.
• If the uplink transmission power reaches the maximum before call drop, the uplink
BLER is weak ,the call drop is probably due to weak uplink coverage.
• If the downlink transmission power reaches the maximum before call drop and the
downlink BLER is weak, the call drop is probably due to weak downlink coverage
High downlink RSSI received by UE is an indication of weak coverage during that time UE tries to
increase its target SIR to listen to the network.
Explain the concept of Cell Breathing. How is the accounted for in the linkBudget?
Ans: Io or No (the interference part of Ec/Io and Eb/No) increase as the traffic on
the network increases since everyone is using the same frequency. Therefore as Io
or No increases the UE or BTS needs to use more power to maintain the same
Eb/No or Ec/Io. When the power required is more thanthe maximum power
allowed, the connection cannot be made. Users at the cell edge are usually the first
to lose service, hence the service area of a cell shrinks. As traffic decreases the
reverse happens and the service area increases. They should say that it is accounted
for in the Noise Rise Margin found in the Link Budget.
Interference
In downlink, when the active set CPICH RSCP is greater than –85 dBm and the active set
Ec/Io is >= –12 dB, the call drop is probably due to downlink interference
Downlink interference usually refers to pilot pollution
Excessive strong pilots exist at a point, but no one is strong enough to be primary pilot.
Probable Solution : adjust engineering parameters of an antenna so that a best server forms around the
antenna. For handover problems caused by pilot pollution, adjust engineering parameters of other antennas so
that signals from other antennas becomes weaker and the number of pilots drops
Many definitions: A cell that has a high signal strength at a location but is not part of the active set. A cell that
meets thecriteria for addition into the Active Set but can not enter because the active set is full.
1.UE fails to receive active set update command (Delayed Handover)
After UE reports measurement message, the Ec/Io of original cell signals decreases
sharply. When the RNC sends active set update message, the UE powers off the
transmitter due to asynchronization. The UE cannot receive active set update message.
This may be due to,
Ec/Io of original cell decreases sharply and that of the target cell increases greatly
(Turnings)
2. The best server changes frequently. Two or more cells alternate to be the best server.
The RSCP of the best server is strong. The period for each cell to be the best server is
short.
Probable solution:
Lower the triggering time for event 1a
adjust antennas to expand the handover area
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
L3
control
RRC
Radio PDCP
L2/PDCP
PDCP
Interface
control
control
control
control
Protocol BMC L2/BMC
Architecture
Logical
Channels
C-plane signalling
U-plane information GC General Control
GC Nt DC NT Notification
DC Dedicated Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRC
L3 RLC Radio Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control
RLC
RLC RLC L2/RLC
RLC Logical
Channels
MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
19
Channels
Transport Channels:
20
Channels
Physical Channels:
21
AMR
The bit rate of the AMR speech connection is controlled by the
radio access network depending on the air interface loading and the
quality of the speech connections. During high loading, such as
during busy hours it is possible to use lower AMR bit rates to offer
higher capacity while providing slightly lower speech quality. Also
if the mobile is running out of the cell coverage area and using its
maximum transmission power a lower AMR bit rate can be used to
extend the cell coverage area.
• Cell range & cell capacity are limited by the same parameters:
Interference in uplink
Power in downlink
23
“Power” Link Budget
25
P-SCH1 P-SCH2
Slot Synchronization
P-SCH1
S-SCH1 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
P-SCH2
S-SCH2 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
P-SCH3
S-SCH3 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
26
Frame Synchronization P-SCH
S-SCH
S-SCH 16 11 2
Group 4
256 chips
Slot 12,13,14
2560 chips
27
P-SCH1 P-SCH2
Slot Synchronization
P-SCH1
S-SCH1 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
P-SCH2
S-SCH2 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
P-SCH3
S-SCH3 P-CCPCH P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
28
Cell Information
29
Intra-Frequency Cell Reselection
Quality sample Treselections
Qqualmin +
SIntraSearch
Qmean,n - Qoffset2s,n
Qqualmin
Neighboring Cell
Neighboring
cell criterion S
is fulfilled and is
ranked Neighboring Cell
30
Cell selection and reselection: Cell Selection criteria
where
31
Cell Selection Parameters
1 33
2 27
3 24
4 21
32
Cell Reselection Procedure
Squal
SintraSearch
Threseholds given as example
SinterSearch
Measurement on SinterRAT
same frequency Measurement on
other frequencies Measurement on
other RAT
33
Cell Reselection Parameters
Parameter Object Range Default Value Recommended Value Class
34
Measurements
The different types of air interface measurements are:
35
Handover (Handoff)
• There are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff):
• means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed before
Hard handover
the new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or non-
seamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not
perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that requires a change of the
carrier frequency (inter-frequency handover) is always performed as hard
handover.
• means that the radio links are added and removed in a way that
Soft handover
the UE always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover is
performed by means of macro diversity, which refers to the condition that
several radio links are active at the same time.
• is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that are
Softer handover
added and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of co-located
base stations from which several sector-cells are served.
36
Handover (Handoff)
• The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a user
can be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, less
interference). It may however also be performed for other reasons such as system
load control.
• Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST
belong to the Monitored Set.
• Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active
set belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only
applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
37
PRIMARY CELL ELECTION ALGORITHM (MONITORED SET
UPDATE)
38
Compressed mode
• Compressed mode is when the mobile goes into a slotted transmit mode whereby
it opens up an idle period (transmission gap) where it can monitor another carrier
or technology (GSM). The impact is that to maintain the same bit rate, it halves
the SF, and therefore increases power level causing higher interference to the
network. If the SF cannot be halved then the bit rate of the bearer decreases. If
they seem knowledgably, ask them if they know what messages and events
trigger and configure compressed mode on/off. 2D event for on, 2F for
off. Messages would for configuration would be RADIO BEARER
RECONFIGURATION, TRANSPORT CHANNEL RECONFIGFURATION or PHYSICAL
CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION.
Compressed Mode
• During inter-frequency handover the UE’s must be given time to make the necessary measurements on the different WCDMA
carrier frequency. 1 to 7 slots per frame can be allocated for the UE to perform this intra frequency (hard handover).
• How is it done?
– Two approaches can be taken in creating the transmission gaps of the transmission gap pattern sequence
• Modifiy the physical layer parameters (by puncturing or spreading factor reduction) to allow all information bits to be
transmitted.
• Restrict the bit rate (by higher layer scheduling) to match the fewer available transmission slots in a compressed radio frame.
– In both approaches, the goal is to not loose transmission frames
• Who controls it?
– Compressed mode is under the control of the UTRAN
– Compressed mode is configured by the RNC per UE in the form of transmission gap pattern sequences
• given to the UE via RRC signalling
• given to the node B via NBAP signalling
• a transmission gap pattern sequence is associated with a specific measurement purpose:
– FDD measurements,
– TDD measurements,
– GSM initial BSIC identification, GSM BSIC reconfirmation,
GSM RSSI measurement
40
Physical layer Aspects
Compressed Mode Methods
41
Cell Shakedown
• Purpose
– To test Call Setup (Voice and FTP) in each cell
– To test Handoffs (Soft and Softer) between Cells
– Verify antenna orientation
– Primary Pilot Ec/Io
– Scrambling Code for each cell
– UE transmit power
– Path Balance
• Method
– By driving clockwise and anticlockwise within a designated route
around the the base station (about 30% of the site coverage
area).
42
Difference between Scanner data & UE Data Collection
• Scanner • UE
• Data/Voice/Video Calls
• Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) • Layer 3 messages logging
scrambling code measurements • Layer 2 messages logging (Transport channel)
• Continuous Wave (CW) measurements • RRC State logging
• Spectrum analysis • UE Transmit Power
• SIR
• Synchronization Channel (SCH) code word
• Serving Cell / Active Set / Monitored Set
measurements • Events
• GSM neighbor measurements
43
Inner loop & Scanner
• In pre-launch optimization,
Explain Inner and Outer loop power control and how are missing neighbors
who controls them. usually detected?
If they start talking about Open and Closed • Usually you use a scanner and
Loop PC, tell them you want Inner/Outer Closed compare the best pilots in
Loop PC. Inner loop power control is performed Ec/Io from the scanner
against that of the active set
by the NodeB to set the transmitpower of the and monitored set from an
UE and BTS to compensate for signal variations active UE. If there is a
due to fading or pathloss to maintain the set SIR stronger pilot from a nearby
(occurs up to 1500 times per sec). Outer loop cell that appears on the
scanner but not on the UE,
power control is performed by the RNC to set there is a possible
the target SIR based on the required BER/BLER missing neighbor. One would
for the requested services (occurs up to 100 thenverify that
times per sec). the neighbor appears in
defined neighbor list from the
OSS.
Drop after active set update
Symptom:
• Normally, the observed sequent messages in the UE side are:
– UTRAN -> UE: Active set update (to request the UE to remove a cell, e.g. SC281)
– UE -> UTRAN: Active set update complete
– UTRAN -> UE: Measurement Control (update neighbour list)
– UE -> UTRAN: Measurement report (to propose to add7)
– UTRAN -> UE: Active set update (to request the UE to add SC 137)
– DROP.......(since no Active set update completion was sen after 12 secs )
• The radio performances no matter DL and UL are very good.
Possible solution: No solution, check this problem with UE vendor.
• In Soft
• Handover the UE is connected to more than one Radio Base Station
• (RBS) simultaneously. At least one radio link is always active and
• there is no interruption in the dataflow during the actual handover.
• The signals are received in the UE and combined in the RAKE
• receiver to give protection against fading.
45
Soft/Softer Handover
Radio Link Addition and
Radio Link Removal.
RF condition
is o.k.
47
Drop after active set update, Cont.
48
FINAL WORDS
• For network tuning, we need to relay on field measurements which require extensive drive tests
• Finding the best possible configuration for antenna heights, tilts, azimuths and parameter setting for all the
present cells/sectors in the network and also for any new sites that might be needed to improve coverage
• Power adjustment can also be used for network tuning but can become complicated and result in poor
network performance
• Use of Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) Antenna is preferred over mechanical tilt antenna
• Neighbour definition is of prime importance in UMTS network (Soft handover gain and interference
reduction). Keep neighbour list upto 20.
• Automated tools are needed that could suggest the best possible neighbour relations, antenna heights and
tilts by using both the field measurements and the propagation models & simulations
• Skilled people, right methods and advanced tools are needed to perform 3G tuning and optimisation
Name the 4 RRC Connected Modes
If a UE is on a data call (CELL-DCH
(states) and describe the characteristics
state) and there is in no activity for
of each.
Cell-DCH: UE has been allocated a dedicated awhile what would you expect to see
physical channel in occur?
uplink and downlink. UE should go from CELL-DCH to CELL-
Cell-FACH: UE listens to RACH channel (DL) and
is allocated a FACH channel (UL). Small amounts
FACH then if still no activity to either
of UL/DL data can be transfers in this state. The CELL-PCH or URA-PCH (via CELL-
RNC tracks the UE down to the cell level and cell FACH). If they talk about
reselections are possible with the CELL UPDATE inactivity timers and mention that the
message.
Cell-PCH: UE monitors (using discontinuous state goes from CELL-DCH straight to
reception) a PCH channel (PCH) indicated by the CELL-PCH or URA-PCH, that is also
PICH channel. The RNC tracks the UE down to the possible. Bonus they say they would
cell level and cell reselections are possible with the
CELL UPDATE message. No data can be
see RADIO BEARER
transferred in the UL in this state. RECONFIGURATION messages when
URA-PCH: UE monitors (using discontinuous the states are changing.
reception) a PCH channel (PCH) indicated by the
PICH channel. The RNC tracks the UE down to the
URA level.
Power control
In the uplink the base station measures the received Signal-to-
Interference Ratio (SIR) and compares this to a target SIR. If the
measured SIR is below the target then the base station requests the
mobile to increase its power (and vice versa). This type of power
control is known as the Inner-loop power control and is capable of
adjusting the transmit power in steps of, for example 1 dB at a rate
of 1500 times per second. Inner-loop power control is only
applicable for connections on dedicated channels