THE INTRODUCTION

OF THE PAPER
 OVERVIEW

O
PROBLEM

P
O PILOT

IMPORTANCE
I

LITERATURE
L

OBJECTIVES
O

TIME AND PLACE

T
OVERVIEW EXAMPLE
1. Viral diseases have become a major constraint in the growth
of the papaya industry in the Philippines
2. With the increasing degradation of coral reefs worldwide,
interest has grown on the possibility of reef rehabilitation using
coral transplantation as a tool
3. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the forest
restoration and biodiversity conservation in the Philippines is
limited. Although some GIS encoding is pursued through
georeferencing of important points of interest and other
landmarks, its use has been primarily for cartographic
presentation
OVERVIEW
◦ GIVE THE BACKGROUND OR THE OVERALL SITUATION
◦ DESCRIBE THE PAST AND EXISTING CONDITIONS RELATIVE
TO THE MAIN TOPIC
◦ PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUBJECT (ANIMAL,
PLANT, FISH, PEOPLE, ETC.) IF IT IS NEW OR UNKNOWN
◦ BE BRIEF
◦ OMIT OBVIOUS INFORMATION – READER IS A TECHNICAL
PERSON
PROBLEM
◦ STATE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM IN CLEAR TERMS
1. What the research is all about
2. Not the problem of the industry or country
3. What your readers expect to learn
4. What you hoped to solved, prove or verity
5. Should have been solved at the end of the research
PROBLEM EXAMPLE
◦ Identified or to be known
1. The pancreatic islets, more populary known as the islets of
Langerhans, secrete insulin and glucargon, two hormones that
regulate changes in body sugar. Very few studies have been
conducted on the microscopic anatomy of the pancreatic islets in
domestic animals and surprisingly none in the Philippine Carabao
(Baltazar et al. 2001)
2.Physical and phytochemical studies have been done on M.
charatia but no study on its antifungal activity has been conducted
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
◦ Explored or explained
1. Up to now, there is no explanation as to why mango kept inside a tightly
closed container develops an abnormality called internal breakdown
2. the mechanism of flower induction is not clear by appears to involve
plant hormones
3. Although I. suis coccidiosis has been reported in 33 countries, data on the
extent of the problem in pig herds in the Philippines is still lacking (Padilla et
al., 2003)
4.The promulgation of the Bilingual Education Policy reduced the effectivity
of the English Language as the students’ academic medium yet the
expectation of the language proficiency of students remains the same. The
communicative competence of Science and Technology instructors and
students in a science and technology institution has never been measured
since then.
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
◦ Given Close attention
1. Growth, savings and inflation are interrelated variables and
should, therefore, be determined simultaneously in a system.
However, most of the studies on these variables do not analyze
them in a simultaneous equation framework.
2. In spite of the numerous expeditions and surveys on Mt.
Makiling, data on the microbial species have not been given
any attention.
3.While the effects of molecular gene manipulation have been
greatly studied on the growth and development of peanut,
there is also a need to pay particular attention to the nutritional
value of the crop
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
◦Revise since the previous solution to the problem
does not seem to be working anymore.
1. Pruning of trees to keep them short seems no
longer effective in mitigating the effects of a strong
typhoon, so there is a need for alternative
strategies
IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM
◦ Other terms used: justification, rationale
◦ Answers the questions:
1. Why is it necessary to solve the problem?
2. What happens if it is not solved?
3. How long has it been a problem?
◦ Could be academic or economic
LITERATURE
◦ Related findings, reports or articles of other authors
◦ First found in the Introduction
◦ What has bed done about the problem prior to the
present study
◦ Used to support statements in the Introduction
OBJECTIVES
◦ What is expected to be accomplished in order to solve the
problem
◦ State in terms of
1. What was done with the data – evaluate, compare,
characterize, determine, assess, recommend
2. Not what you did to get the data – survey, analyze, quantify,
investigate
◦ Could be stated as
1. Goal – commonly termed as objective
2. Hypothesis- expected answer or calculated guess as to what is the
answer
3. Conceptual framework – the relationship of the variables
TIME AND PLACE OF THE STUDY
◦ May also be in the Materials and Methods if more
appropriate or as specified by the chosen journal
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT
MAY BE NECESSARY
◦ Definition of uncommon scientific terms
◦ Theoretical framework- basis of the expected solution in
terms of theories
◦ Scope
◦ Principal results
◦ Limitations of the study
DON’T’S FOR THE INTRODUCTION
◦ Write a long overview
◦ Equate problem with objective
◦ Have a general and specific objectives
◦ State obvious or well-know facts unless new facts are
added
◦ Enumerate the data to be taken in stating objectives