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Classification

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum


Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

lancets Agnathans
tunicates
Fish
Sharks
tetrapods
Chordate Characteristics
Burgess Shale Fauna
(540 MYBP)

Pikaia- earliest known chordate


Possible evolution of 1st fish

1st fish
lancelet

Proto-vertebrate

Tunicate larvae Adult tunicate


Adult tunicate Larval tunicate

Amphioxus
Geologic Time Scale Millions of Years

end of dinosaurs

1st dinosaur

1st reptiles
1st amphibians
1st land plants
1st fish

1st invertebrates
Class Agnatha, the jawless fishes
Subclass (or order) Cyclostomata, the lampreys and hagfishes.

Class Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous-skeleton fishes


Subclass Holocephali, the chimaeras, or ratfishes
Subclass Elasmobranchii, the sharks, skates, and rays

Class Placodermi

Class Acanthodii

Class Osteichthyes, the bony fishes


Subclass Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes
Superorder Chondrostei, the primitive ray-finned bony
fishes: sturgeons, paddlefish, and bichirs
Superorder Holostei or Neopterygii, the intermediate
ray-finned fishes: gars and the bowfin
Superorder Teleostei or Neopterygii, the advanced
bony fishes: herring, salmon, perch.
Subclass Crossopterygii, the coelacanth
Subclass Dipnoi or Dipneusti, the lungfishes
Evolution of Jaws in fish
chondocranium

Hyomandibular arch palatoquadrate

Meckel’s cartilage

agnathostome gnathostome

1st appeared 400 mya


Class
Agnatha
• Lack jaws, paired fins, scales
• Possess medial nostril, medial fins,
notocord rather than vertebral column

Ostracoderm
400 mya
heterostracan
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class Agnatha

Hagfish
Hagfish characteristics
• Strictly marine
• No bone
• Rasping tongue
• Eyes degenerate, covered by skin; no pineal; single pair
of semicircular canals
• No lateral line organs
• 5-15 pair gills
• Partial open circulatory system
• Holonephros and neotenic pronephros
• Numerous slime glands in skin, secrete copious
amounts of mucus;
• Separate sexes, but all individuals have ovitestis,
• Eggs deposited at sea; direct development; totally
marine
Subphylum
Vertebrata

Class Agnatha

lamprey
Lamprey Characteristics

• Oral disc/buccal funnel, with epidermal denticles and


rasping tongue; active "predatory parasites”
• No bone
• Nostril on top of head
• Well-developed vertebrate eyes
• Well-developed Lateral Line system
• Best developed pineal “eye” of any aquatic vertebrate;
• 2 pairs of semicircular canals;
• Uniformly 7 pairs of gills
• Cranium cartilaginous, open on top
• Opisthonephros
• Eggs deposited in freshwater; freshwater larva; many
species have freshwater adult, but most migrate to sea
and have marine adult stage (anadromous).
Class Chondrichthyes
Characteristics
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins
• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth
• Possesses 5-7 gills
• Spiral valve intestine
• Ureoosmotic strategy
• Lateral line
• No swim bladder
• Heterocercal tail
• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Subphylum
Vertebrata Sharks, skates, rays

Class Chondrichthyes
Basic Shark Anatomy
Modern Sharks

• Planktivores
• Carnivores
• Parasites
Gill arch from basking shark
Cookie cutter shark
pores

Detects weak magnetic fields produced by other fish


Ovipary- eggs enclosed in
capsule; eggs are laid and
hatched outside the mother

Ovovipary- give birth to


young, eggs develop in
uterus

Vivipary- give birth to young,


placental connection
Class
Placodermi

• Totally fossil, early jawed fishes;


• Bony armor usually present around head-trunk,
generally flattened body, tend to be bottom-adapted
with eyes rather dorsal (other various designs);
• No true teeth
• Notochord persistent, un-constricted.
Class Placodermi
Class
Osteichthyes

• Posses jaws with teeth


• bony skeleton
• paired fins
• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum
• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve
• Swim bladder
• Lateral line
• Homocercal tail
• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid
Basic Fish Structure
Superorder Chondrostei

sturgeon

paddlefish

• ganoid scales (don’t form rings as they grow)


• heterocercal tail
• persistent notochord; centra absent or cartilage rings
• large mouth, long maxilla attached at rear
• open spiracle
Superorder Holostei

gar

• L.Permian-Recent, but mostly Juras. & Cretac.;


• Abbreviated heterocercal tail, often symmetric caudal
fin;
• Ganoid or cycloid scales
• Single dorsal swim bladder, hydrostatic & respiratory;
physostomous;
• No open spiracle
• Vertebral centra often at least partly ossified,
constricting persistent notochord;
• More modernized jaws (than Chondrosteans) - maxilla
shorter, free at rear; shorter mouth
Superorder Holostei

bowfin
Superorder Teleostei
Fish Diversity

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.


About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

White mouthed
morey

Porcupine
Dwarf moray

Achilles tang trumpetfish


Subclass
Crossopterygii
Latimeria

• Swim bladder modified to lungs


• Paired appendages
• May have given rise to terrestrial tetrapods
• Bony head
• Scales and teeth
Coelacanth

Thought to be extinct 80 million years ago Found in 1938


off the coast of the Comoro Islands
Who found it first?

1938 Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer


Where was it found?
J.L.B. Smith, Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown
Coelacanth Anatomy

Fins:
• 2 dorsals • 2 pelvics
• 2 pectorals • 1 anal
• 1 caudal
Coelacanth Anatomy

Unsegmented
notochord
Rostral organ

Intercranial joint
Fat filled
swim bladder Ovoviviparous
Anatomical comparison between
Sarcopterygian, amphibian, and reptile.
Anatomical Similarities to Sharks:
Spiral valve intestine
Give birth to live young
Long cartilaginous tube instead of backbone
Osmoregulatory strategy
Anatomical Similarities to Fish:
bony head
teeth
scales
Anatomical Similarities to Tetrapods:
• fat filled lung
• fleshy lobed-fins
• circulatory system
• inner ear
• tooth enamel
• intracranial joint- a feature once found in
ancient frogs
The coelacanth’s phylogenetic classification remains
inconclusive
Subclass Dipnoi

Lungfish
Acanthostega

360 mya Foot of Acanthostega


had 8 digits
Acanthostega
• First complete tetrapod with free digits
- eight digits on each hand
• Retained “fishy” characters:
- gills
- tail fin
- Partial connection between skull and
pectoral girdle
- Labyrinthodont teeth
- Lateral line
- Ulna shorter than radius
Ichthyostega

Transition fossil from fw Crossopterygian to


tetrapod
Ichthyosetga

• Much like Acanthostega, but…


- stronger limbs; radius & ulna of equal length
- no gills in adults
- reduced number of skull bones

• Still retains panderichthyid-like skull, tail fin,


labrinthodont teeth, lateral line

• First tetrapod known that was capable of life


on land
Class Amphibia
Characteristics

• Cold blooded
• Returns to water to breed
• Metamorphosis
• Some toxic
• Estivation-dry and hot
• Hibernation- cold
3,500 species
Class Amphibia

salamander newt Mudpuppy


(salamander)

Poison arrow frog Rana cancrivora Coqui


Class Amphibia
Metamorphosis
Class Amphibia

“Canaries in the coal mine”


• Habitat destruction
• Introduced species
• Pollution
• Pesticide use
• Diseases
• Over-harvesting
• Climate change
• Increased UV radiation
Amniotic Egg
Chorion
Allantois
Amnion Yolk sac

Embryo
Amniotic
cavity
with
amniotic
fluid Yolk
(nutrients)

Shell Albumen
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded
• Have scales
• Amniotic egg
• Dry skin
• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)

6,500 species
Class Reptilia

Saltwater crocodile

Marine iguana

Marine turtle

Sea snake
Class Reptilia

Sea Snakes

Yellow bellied sea snake (sometimes in Hawaii)


Diversity: Sea Snakes
• Mainly marine, 1 fw species
Habitat:
• Primarily tropical; coastal estuaries, coral reefs, open sea;
33-36oC
Behavior
• Aggregates
• non aggressive
Prey: Feed on small fish or squid, which are killed with
powerful venom
Predators (few)
• sharks, snapper, grouper, crabs, saltwater crocodiles,
raptors; they descend to escape
Venom
• 2-10 times as toxic as that of a cobras
Reproduction
• Some oviparous some viviparous
Sea Snakes
Adaptations to life in the sea
• Osmoregulation: skin is impermeable to
salts; salts eliminated by sublingual
gland
• Developing a flattened paddle-shaped
tail and a laterally compressed body.
• Reduced metabolic rate and increased
tolerance for low oxygen levels
• Lungs- greatly enlarged; hydrostatic
organ
• Gaseous exchange - lungs and the skin.
Reproduction: Sea Snakes
• Krates are oviparous and lay eggs on land
• Hydrophiids are viviparous and produce young
in the water
• Not much known about breeding
• However, olive sea snake breed in spring;
seasonal courtship displays

Olive Sea Snake


Class Reptilia

Saltwater crocodiles

• Largest living crocodilians: 6-7 m


long
• Eggs laid and incubated on land
• Tropical and subtropical
Class Reptilia
Marine Iguanas

• Marine lizard endemic to Galapagos islands


• Herbivorous: graze on seaweeds
• Salt-glands on nose to eliminate excess salt
• Recently observed feeding on land for first time
• They return to land to escape predators.
Class Reptilia
Phylogeny of the Amniotes

Therapsids
Anapsids Diapsids

Sauropsids Synapsids

Ancestral amniote
Archaeopteryx
Class Aves
Characteristics

• Warm blooded
• Feathers and wings
• Hollow bones
• Horny bill
• Lungs have air sacks
• Hard egg shell
Class Aves

Ratites

Carinate
Class Aves
Marine Birds
• The skeletons of birds have several
adaptations that make them light, flexible,
but strong.
– The bones are honeycombed to reduce weight
without sacrificing much strength.
Class Mammalia
Characteristics

• Warm blooded
• Have fur or hair
• Suckle young
• 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia

Subclasses
• Protheria- echidna & platypus
• Metatheria- marsupial
• Eutheria- true mammals
Class Mammalia
Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Sea otter Seals & sealions

manatee

Dugong
Evolution of the mammalian jaw and ear bones
Therapsid (mammal-like reptile)
Prototherians (Monotremes): Cretaceous-Recent
• Egg-laying, aquatic predators on arthropods and worms
• Milk oozes from the skin (no breasts).
• Hair
• Ear bones shift from lower jaw to skull during embryonic
development.
• Electroreception
Fig. 34-32
Metatheria (Marsupials): Cretaceous-Recent
• Pouched mammals.
• Born as gross little embryos. Crawl into pouch, attach to
nipple, and develop.
• Cretaceous ones were fairly opossum-like in their
ecology. Later ones are more diverse.
• Today, they are most diverse on Australia and South
America.
• They share complex type of molar tooth shape with
Placental mammals.
Fig. 34-33

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot


Eutheria (Placentals): Cretaceous-Recent
• Nourish their young internally with a placenta
• Placentals give birth to offspring that are more "adult" like
and independent. Cretaceous ones were shrew-like in their
ecology.
• Later placentals are spectacularly diverse.
Fig. 34-34
Convergent Evolution
Marsupial Eutherian Marsupial Eutherian
mammals mammals mammals mammals
Plantigale Deer mouse Wombat
Woodchuck

Marsupial mole Mole


Wolverine
Tasmanian devil

Sugar glider Flying squirrel

Patagonian cavy
Kangaroo
• The current hypothesis, based on
molecular systematics, for the evolutionary
relationships among eutherian orders
clusters them into four main clades.

Fig. 34.33
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Marine mammals: Order
Sirenia
• Sirenian characteristics:
– Large body size
– Sparse hair all over body
– Vegetarians
– Toenails (on manatees only)
• Includes:
– Manatees
– Dugongs
Marine mammals: Order
Carnivora
• All members of order
Carnivora have
prominent canine teeth
• Includes:
– Sea otters
– Polar bears
– Pinnipeds (flipper-footed)
• Walrus Hawaiian Monk Seal
• Seals
• Sea lions/fur seals
Sea Otter
• Enhydra lutris
– Native to north Pacific
– 394,000 hairs/cm2
– No blubber
– Female 45 lbs; Male
65lbs
– Diet: Sea urchins, – Uses tools
abalone, mussels,
clams, crabs, snails – Dives to 330 ft
and about 40 other – Rests in coastal kelp
marine species. forests
Polar Bear
• Ursa maritimus
– United States, Canada,
Russia, Greenland and
on the Arctic islands of
Norway
– Male: 10 feet tall and
weigh over 1400 lbs
– Female: seven feet
and weigh 650 lbs – Good swimmers
– wild polar bears live up – Thick blubber
to age 25.
– Thick fur
Pinnipeds

Hawaiian Monk Seal


Family Phocidae

Sea Lion Walrus


Family Otariidae Family Odobenidae
Biology and Natural History

Order Pinniped (seals, sea lions, & walruses)


Family Phocidae- true, earless seals
Family Otariidae- eared seals and sea lions
Family Odobenidae- walruses

• 34 known species
• Evolved 20 mya from Order Carnivora (ancestors of dogs
and bears)
• Differ in possession of external ears and mode of
locomotion
Differences between seals
and sea lions/fur seals
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Family Phocidae

• Lack external ears


• Hind flippers propel them while swimming
• Front flippers act as rudders
• Travel on land is difficult (wiggle)
Sea Lion
Family Otariidae

• Eared seals
• Front flippers propel animal when swimming
• Rear flippers act as rudders
• Fairly mobile on land
Walrus
Family Odobenidae

• Found in Arctic region


• Lack external ears
• Paddle with front flippers
• Rear flippers act as a rudder
• Fairly mobile on land
Marine mammals: Order
Cetacea
• Cetacean characteristics:
– Blowholes on top of skull
– Skull telescoped (streamlined shape)
– Very few hairs
• Includes:
– Whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Marine mammals: Order
Cetacea
Two suborders of order
Cetacea
(55 mya- entered sea)
• Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales)
– Echolocate (send sound through water)
– Includes killer whale, sperm whale, dolphins,
porpoises, and many others
• Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales)
– Have rows of baleen plates instead of teeth
– Includes blue whale, finback whale, humpback
whale, gray whale, and many others
Differences between dolphins
and porpoises
• Dolphins have:
– An elongated snout
(rostrum)
– A sickle-shaped
(falcate) dorsal fin
– Conical-shaped
teeth
Killer whale
jawbone
Differences between dolphins
and porpoises
• Porpoises have:
– A blunt snout
(rostrum)
– A triangle-shaped
dorsal fin
– Spade-shaped teeth
Deepest Diver

(3km~1.5 miles)
Mysticeti: The baleen whales

• Mysticeti whales have baleen instead of teeth


• Baleen plates:
– Hang as parallel rows from the upper jaw
– Are made of keratin
– Are used as a strainer to capture zooplankton
– Allows baleen whales to eat krill and small fish by
the ton
Baleen
Types of baleen whales
• Baleen whales include three families:
– Gray whale (a bottom-feeder with short
baleen)
– Rorqual whales (medium-sized baleen)
• Balaenopterids (blue whales, finback whales,
and other large whales )
• Megapterids (humpback whales)
– Right whales (surface skimmers with long
baleen)
Whale Migration
Whale Carcass Removal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBgThvB_IDQ&feature=player_embedded
• Primates evolved from a small tree
dwelling mammal.

• Dental evidence from fossils suggests


that
• Primates descended from insectivores in
the late Cretaceous (65 mya)
• Oldest known primate- Purgatorius unio
• Limber shoulder joints
• Dexterous hands
• Sensitive fingers
• Many cases, claws replaced by flat nails
• Binocular vision
• Hand-eye coordination
• Parental care
• Mostly single births
• Nurture offspring
Suborder Prosimii (prosimians)
• lemurs and tarsiers

Suborder Anthropoidea (anthropoids)


• new world monkeys
• old world monkeys
• hominoids
Suborder Prosimii
Tree Shrew
Suborder Prosimii
Lemurs
New & Old World Monkeys
New World monkeys Old World monkeys
• South America • Africa & Asia
• Arboreal • Arboreal and ground
dwelling
• Prehensile tail
• No prehensile tail
• Nostrils open to the
side • Nostrils open downward
• Diurnal • Diurnal
• Live in bands- very • Live in bands- very
social social
Apes
(Hominoids)
Edward Tyson (1699) depiction of a chimp
Bonobo Chimpanzees
Brain Cavity Size
Bipedalism

The A. afarensis foot bone is shown with a


human foot indicating where it would be
positioned.
African Origins Model
Homo habilis

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