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Phylum Chordata
lancets Agnathans
tunicates
Fish
Sharks
tetrapods
Chordate Characteristics
Burgess Shale Fauna
(540 MYBP)
1st fish
lancelet
Proto-vertebrate
Amphioxus
Geologic Time Scale Millions of Years
end of dinosaurs
1st dinosaur
1st reptiles
1st amphibians
1st land plants
1st fish
1st invertebrates
Class Agnatha, the jawless fishes
Subclass (or order) Cyclostomata, the lampreys and hagfishes.
Class Placodermi
Class Acanthodii
Meckel’s cartilage
agnathostome gnathostome
Ostracoderm
400 mya
heterostracan
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class Agnatha
Hagfish
Hagfish characteristics
• Strictly marine
• No bone
• Rasping tongue
• Eyes degenerate, covered by skin; no pineal; single pair
of semicircular canals
• No lateral line organs
• 5-15 pair gills
• Partial open circulatory system
• Holonephros and neotenic pronephros
• Numerous slime glands in skin, secrete copious
amounts of mucus;
• Separate sexes, but all individuals have ovitestis,
• Eggs deposited at sea; direct development; totally
marine
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class Agnatha
lamprey
Lamprey Characteristics
Class Chondrichthyes
Basic Shark Anatomy
Modern Sharks
• Planktivores
• Carnivores
• Parasites
Gill arch from basking shark
Cookie cutter shark
pores
sturgeon
paddlefish
gar
bowfin
Superorder Teleostei
Fish Diversity
Trigger (Humu)
White mouthed
morey
Porcupine
Dwarf moray
Fins:
• 2 dorsals • 2 pelvics
• 2 pectorals • 1 anal
• 1 caudal
Coelacanth Anatomy
Unsegmented
notochord
Rostral organ
Intercranial joint
Fat filled
swim bladder Ovoviviparous
Anatomical comparison between
Sarcopterygian, amphibian, and reptile.
Anatomical Similarities to Sharks:
Spiral valve intestine
Give birth to live young
Long cartilaginous tube instead of backbone
Osmoregulatory strategy
Anatomical Similarities to Fish:
bony head
teeth
scales
Anatomical Similarities to Tetrapods:
• fat filled lung
• fleshy lobed-fins
• circulatory system
• inner ear
• tooth enamel
• intracranial joint- a feature once found in
ancient frogs
The coelacanth’s phylogenetic classification remains
inconclusive
Subclass Dipnoi
Lungfish
Acanthostega
• Cold blooded
• Returns to water to breed
• Metamorphosis
• Some toxic
• Estivation-dry and hot
• Hibernation- cold
3,500 species
Class Amphibia
Embryo
Amniotic
cavity
with
amniotic
fluid Yolk
(nutrients)
Shell Albumen
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded
• Have scales
• Amniotic egg
• Dry skin
• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species
Class Reptilia
Saltwater crocodile
Marine iguana
Marine turtle
Sea snake
Class Reptilia
Sea Snakes
Saltwater crocodiles
Therapsids
Anapsids Diapsids
Sauropsids Synapsids
Ancestral amniote
Archaeopteryx
Class Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded
• Feathers and wings
• Hollow bones
• Horny bill
• Lungs have air sacks
• Hard egg shell
Class Aves
Ratites
Carinate
Class Aves
Marine Birds
• The skeletons of birds have several
adaptations that make them light, flexible,
but strong.
– The bones are honeycombed to reduce weight
without sacrificing much strength.
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
• Warm blooded
• Have fur or hair
• Suckle young
• 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia
Subclasses
• Protheria- echidna & platypus
• Metatheria- marsupial
• Eutheria- true mammals
Class Mammalia
Whales & Dolphins
Polar bear
manatee
Dugong
Evolution of the mammalian jaw and ear bones
Therapsid (mammal-like reptile)
Prototherians (Monotremes): Cretaceous-Recent
• Egg-laying, aquatic predators on arthropods and worms
• Milk oozes from the skin (no breasts).
• Hair
• Ear bones shift from lower jaw to skull during embryonic
development.
• Electroreception
Fig. 34-32
Metatheria (Marsupials): Cretaceous-Recent
• Pouched mammals.
• Born as gross little embryos. Crawl into pouch, attach to
nipple, and develop.
• Cretaceous ones were fairly opossum-like in their
ecology. Later ones are more diverse.
• Today, they are most diverse on Australia and South
America.
• They share complex type of molar tooth shape with
Placental mammals.
Fig. 34-33
Patagonian cavy
Kangaroo
• The current hypothesis, based on
molecular systematics, for the evolutionary
relationships among eutherian orders
clusters them into four main clades.
Fig. 34.33
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Marine mammals: Order
Sirenia
• Sirenian characteristics:
– Large body size
– Sparse hair all over body
– Vegetarians
– Toenails (on manatees only)
• Includes:
– Manatees
– Dugongs
Marine mammals: Order
Carnivora
• All members of order
Carnivora have
prominent canine teeth
• Includes:
– Sea otters
– Polar bears
– Pinnipeds (flipper-footed)
• Walrus Hawaiian Monk Seal
• Seals
• Sea lions/fur seals
Sea Otter
• Enhydra lutris
– Native to north Pacific
– 394,000 hairs/cm2
– No blubber
– Female 45 lbs; Male
65lbs
– Diet: Sea urchins, – Uses tools
abalone, mussels,
clams, crabs, snails – Dives to 330 ft
and about 40 other – Rests in coastal kelp
marine species. forests
Polar Bear
• Ursa maritimus
– United States, Canada,
Russia, Greenland and
on the Arctic islands of
Norway
– Male: 10 feet tall and
weigh over 1400 lbs
– Female: seven feet
and weigh 650 lbs – Good swimmers
– wild polar bears live up – Thick blubber
to age 25.
– Thick fur
Pinnipeds
• 34 known species
• Evolved 20 mya from Order Carnivora (ancestors of dogs
and bears)
• Differ in possession of external ears and mode of
locomotion
Differences between seals
and sea lions/fur seals
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Family Phocidae
• Eared seals
• Front flippers propel animal when swimming
• Rear flippers act as rudders
• Fairly mobile on land
Walrus
Family Odobenidae
(3km~1.5 miles)
Mysticeti: The baleen whales
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBgThvB_IDQ&feature=player_embedded
• Primates evolved from a small tree
dwelling mammal.