HUMAN CELL

Zarka wahid bux

Nursing instructor
Definition of cell
• The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body
• The cell is composed of complex material or mixture of
substances called protoplasm ,covered by a membrane called
cell membrane
• The cell is a jelly like mass of protoplasm
• Protoplasm contains

1. water 75%
2. protein 20%
3. carbohydrate 02%
4. Lipids(fat) 02%
5. salts 01%
total 100%
Human cell structure
Structure of the cell
the cell structure is composed of
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
4. chromosomes
1. Cell membrane
• Cell membrane is double layered thin outer covering of
the cell
• Cell membrane acts as a selective permeable(material)
barrier
• Cell membrane prevents certain substances to enter into
the cell and other two pass through the cell
• It is most important in the maintaining the correct
chemical composition of the protoplasm
2.Cytoplasm
• It is the fluid like material surrounding the nucleus
• Cytoplasm contains the following structure organelles
a. Mitochondria:
These are small rod like structure.
It is responsible for catabolic and aerobic respiratory function
Breakdown of food using oxygen is called aerobic respiration
b.Golgi apparatus (golgi body)
These are canal like structure .
These are nearest the nucleus
These are responsible for excretory function. To help digestion
cont
• C, endoplasm
• it is similar to cell membrane .
• Transportation pathway to give information outside the
cell
• d, centrosome;
• It is minute (very small) thick and strong in structure
cont
• It is lying close to nucleus.
• It contains two parts called centriomeres.
• It plays an important role in the cell division.
 Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough ER (RER)
is very important in the synthesis and packaging of
proteins. Ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the
ER, making it “rough.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Cells in your body that release oils also have more SER
than most cell
• Characteristics ; no ribosomes
• Detoxify harmful effect
 3:Nucleus
• It occupies central portion of the cell.
• It is most important part of cell because it controls all the
activities of the cell.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
• Nucleus is responsible for growth and reproduction of cell
(by cell division).
• It transmits the hereditary characteristics or the factors
from the parents to their offspring.
 Cont.
• Nucleus is consist of
I. Nuclear membrane
II. Nucleoplasm
III. Nucleoli
 cont
I. Nuclear membrane: it covers the nucleus
roundly
II. Nucleoplasm: it is jelly like substance
present in nucleus.
III. Nucleoli : these are more clearly visualized
in developing cell in a round shape.
These are made of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The main function of nucleoli is to form protein
in the cell.
 chromosomes
• These are thread like structure and situated in nucleus
• The basic units of chromosomes are genes
• Genes are manufactured deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in this way
collectively chromosomes of male and female are 46
chromosomes .
 Chromosomes
• So that 23rd pair in female is “xx” and in male is “XY”
• From male sperm (male gamate)
•
• From female ovum sperm (male gamete)
• zygote(fertilized egg)
•
• The pair “Xchrosome”from mother and one X chromosome from
father produce a female baby .
• The one XChromosome from mother and one y chromosome from
father produce a male baby
 Cell division
MITOSIS
, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which
one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter
cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe
the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the
structures that carry the genetic information
Meiosis
is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce
four cells containing half the original amount of genetic
information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males,
eggs in females
Cell cycle Mitosis
Function of cell
• Ingestion: the cell is very active unit of body in which the
nourishing food material is absorbed by broken down.
• Growth and repair the material which is used by the cell is
synthesized.a new protoplasm is produced in which the
cell increase in size e.g. its growth
• Metabolism : the continued chemical changes in living
body by which life is maintained, needs activity and
energy for its growth to provide heat ,secretion of glands,
movement and nervous activity.
• Respiration oxygen is brought from lungs and carbon
dioxide is removed by blood stream.
cont
• 5 excretion the waste material is carried away by the
blood
• The waste material is eliminated from a cell into extra
cellular fluid from which carried away by blood
• 6 irritability and excitability ;
• When a cell is stimulated by physical ,chemical
mechanical or nervous means cell respond
• 7 reproduction
• In all organs and organisms each cell grows and
produces other cell
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