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Module 05 - Linear Algebra
Module Objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to:
● 4000 years ago - Babylonians - Solving simple 2X2 system of linear equations with two
unknowns
● 200 BC - Chinese - Solution for the 3X3 system of equations
● 1693 - Determinants by Leibniz (who discovered calculus)
● 1750 - Cramer rule by Cramer - Introduction to the analysis of algebraic curves
● 1776 - Euler - Euler’s theorem
● 1811 - Gauss - Method of least squares; Gaussian elimination
● 1848 - JJ Sylvester - Introduced the term ‘matrix’ for an array of numbers
● 1855 - Arthur Cayley - Matrix multiplication - Identity matrix and Inverse of a square
matrix
1.3 Applications of Linear Algebra
a. Euler
b. Cramer
c. Gauss
d. JJ Sylvester
2.1 Linear Algebra Notations
Important notations of linear algebra are listed in the table below.
2.1 Linear Algebra Notations (Contd..)
Important notations of linear algebra are listed in the table below.
2.1 Linear Algebra Notations (Contd…)
Important notations of linear algebra are listed in the table below.
2.1 Linear Algebra Notations (Contd…)
Important notations of linear algebra are listed in the table below.
What did You Grasp?
Which of the following options is a correct notation for a vector space?
a. V
b. v
c. V
d. None of the above
3.1 Scalars
Scalars:
● In any vector space, a subset is a basis, if and only if each vector in the space
can be expressed as a linear combination of elements of the subset in one
and only one way.
3.5 Matrices
● A matrix, like a vector, is an array of numbers, the difference is that matrix is
an organized table of numbers instead of just being a list.
● Suppose that m and n are positive integers. An m x n matrix is a rectangular
array of numbers with m rows and n columns. Matrices are usually denoted
by capital letters.
● For example:
is a 5 x 4 matrix.
What did You Grasp?
1. State True or False.
a. True
b. False
What did You Grasp?
2. State True or False.
a. True
b. False
4.1 Definitions on Linear Equations
1. A linear equation in the variables x1, x2, …. xn is an equation of the form
where a1, a2, …. an and b are real or complex numbers (that are often given in
advance).
2. If m and n are positive integers, a system of linear equations in the variables x1, x2,
……. xn is a set of equations of the form
4. Two linear systems are said to be equivalent to each other if they have the
same solution set.