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Table of contents
• Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
• Objective of the research-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
• Torsional Theory of Multi Cell Thin Walled Composite Beams-------------------------------------------5
• Finite Element Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
• CAD model------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
• Meshing and Results-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
• Results of Isotropic Material(Aluminum)---------------------------------------------------------------------10
• Comparative analysis using different layups-----------------------------------------------------------------12
• Comparative analysis using different composite materials----------------------------------------------19
• Comparative analysis using different geometric configurations----------------------------------------26
• Comparative analysis using different lengths---------------------------------------------------------------30
• Comparative analysis using different loading intensities-------------------------------------------------37
• Conclusions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
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Introduction
• Analytical study of multi cell thin walled tapered composite
beams when subjected to constrained torsional loading.
• To analyze the effect of different layups, geometry, lengths,
materials and torque change on torsional behavior of multi cell
tapered beams.
• NX Nastran is used for structural analysis of multi cell tapered
beams.
• Using the software to obtain different results.
3
Objective of the research
4
Finite Element Analysis
• Geometry
• Elements connecting nodes
• Boundary conditions
• Load application
• Analysis
• Results in the form of Graphs
5
Continued…..
• Meshing
CQUAD4 meshing
Mesh topology resulted in 7000, 9000 and 11000 elements for 600 mm, 800 mm
and 1000 mm beam length respectively
• Boundary Conditions
All DOF of all nodes at fixed end were restrained
6
CAD model
Parameters Dimensions
No of cells 3
Height 50 mm
Wall Thickness 1 mm
7
Meshing and Results
8
Isotropic Material(Aluminum)
9
Comparative analysis using different:
Layups • All [0/45/-45/90]s
• All [(45/-45)2]s
• Flanges All [0/45/-45/90]s
Webs All [(45/-45)2]s
Lengths • 600 mm
• 800 mm
• 1000 mm
Total no of plies=8
Thickness of one ply= 0.125 mm
Total thickness= 1 mm
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Warping displacement along the length of beam
Webs[(45/-45)2]s
12
Warping displacement around the beam
Webs[(45/-45)2]s
13
Force intensity along the length of the beam
Webs[(45/-45)2]s 14
Force intensity around the beam cross section
Webs[(45/-45)2]s
15
Shear flow along the length of beam
Flanges[0/45/-45/90]s Carbon epoxy 1000 KNmm 101 N/mm 78 N/mm 186 N/mm
Webs[(45/-45)2]s
16
Shear flow around the beam cross section
Webs[(45/-45)2]s
17
Comparative analysis using different
composite materials
Three different composite materials have Property Carbon
epoxy
Glass epoxy Boron epoxy
been used
• Carbon epoxy E11(N/m^2) 1.4e11 3.86e10 2.09e11
• Boron epoxy
E22(N/m^2) 1e10 8.27e9 1.9e10
• Glass epoxy
G12(N/m^2) 5e9 4.14e9 6.6e9
19
Warping displacement around the beam cross section
20
Force intensity along the length of beam
21
Force intensity around the beam cross section
Carbon epoxy All[(45/-45)2]s 1000 KNmm 81 N/mm 62.63 N/mm 178.7 N/mm
Boron epoxy All[(45/-45)2]s 1000 KNmm 80 N/mm 61.25 N/mm 176.85 N/mm
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Shear flow around the beam cross section
Boron epoxy All[(45/-45)2]s 1000 KNmm 69.73 N/mm 80.1 N/mm 77.61 N/mm
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Comparative analysis using different
Geometric configurations
Under geometric configuration the beams for analysis are:
Prismatic Beam
Tapered Beams with tapered angle of
• α=β= 0.5 degree
• α=β= 1 degree
• α=β= 1.5 degree
Prismatic Carbon epoxy 600 mm 1000 KNmm 55 N/mm 2.5 N/mm 0.0444 N/mm
α=β= 0.5⁰ Carbon epoxy 600 mm 1000 KNmm 73 N/mm 3.8 N/mm 0.04795N/mm
α=β= 1⁰ Carbon epoxy 600 mm 1000 KNmm 75 N/mm 4.2 N/mm 0.0763 N/mm
α=β= 1.5⁰ Carbon epoxy 600 mm 1000 KNmm 78.4 N/mm 6.4 N/mm 0.1185 N/mm
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Shear flow along the length of beam
30
Warping displacement around the beam cross section
31
Force intensity along the length of beam
1000 mm All[(45/-45)2]s Carbon Epoxy 72 N/mm 6.445 N/mm 7.355 N/mm 0 N/mm
32
Force intensity around the beam cross section
33
Shear flow along the length of beam
1000 mm All[(45/-45)2]s Carbon 72 N/mm 190 N/mm 300 N/mm 515 N/mm
Epoxy
34
Shear flow around the beam cross section
35
Comparative analysis using different
loading conditions
For different loading conditions we use torque of:
• 1000 KNmm
• 1500 KNmm
• 2000 KNmm
1500 KNmm Carbon α=β= 1⁰ 600 mm 140 N/mm 110 N/mm 283 N/mm
Epoxy
2000 KNmm Carbon α=β= 1⁰ 600 mm 180 N/mm 150 N/mm 367 N/mm
Epoxy 39
Conclusions
• Among different layups, the beam having angle ply layup both in
webs and flanges undergoes minimum stresses and deformations.
Beams with angle ply layup in webs and quasi isotropic layup in
flanges undergoes maximum stresses and deformations.
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Continued……
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Thank You So Much
Any Question?
42
Free torsion Restrained torsion
43
Meshing types
• Different kind of meshing
• Different scale factors
• C Quad 4 meshing
44
Boundary Conditions
• In both type of beams, prismatic and tapered, one end is constrained
and other is free
• Free end is loaded with different magnitude of torques
• Different values of torques are used such as 100, 1000, 10000 kNmm
in different cases
45
Validation
• Composite beams would be made
• Results will be compared against published results
46
RBE (Rigid Body Element)
• There are different kinds of elements such as RBE-2 and RBE-3
• RBE-2 is used so there won’t be any distortion in beam
• One is master node (at mid point), other are slave nodes
• Independent or dependent nodes
• Master node is constrained in all 5 directions ux, uy, uz, ROTx, ROTy
• Slave nodes are constrained in ux, uy. ROTz
47
Convergence of FEM
• FEM divides the body into smaller pieces, enforcing continuity of
displacements along these element boundaries
• For those using finite element analysis, the term “convergence” is
often used
• The meshing scale factor where results don’t show a big change and
appear similar
• Mesh Convergence refers to the smallness of the elements required
in a model to ensure that the results of an analysis are not affected by
changing the size of the mesh.
• Like iterations in MATLAB
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Composite Beams
• High Strength and Stiffness to weight ratio
• High fatigue resistance
• Capability to create smooth aerodynamic surfaces
• Mechanical properties can be tailored
• Glass Epoxy, Carbon Epoxy, Boron Epoxy
Material Layups Geometry
50
Force Intensity
• Force intensity develops due to constrained end in a beam
• There won’t be any force intensity if there is no fixed end in a beam
• Force intensity is higher at the beginning (where the beam is fixed)
and then reduces
• Around the beam, it starts from zero, increases to some specific point
and then comes down to zero again
51
Shear Flow
• The term shear flow is used in solid mechanics as well as in fluid dynamics
• Shear stress over a distance in a thin-walled structure
• Shear stress often denoted by τ
• Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross
section of the material
• Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector
component perpendicular to the material cross-section on which it acts.
• Shear stress arises from shear forces, which are pairs of equal and
opposing forces acting on opposite sides of an object.
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Warping
• Out of plane displacement
• Primary warping is the warping of midplane of cross-section which is
constant through the wall thickness
• Secondary warping is the warping of sections across its wall thickness
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Bending moment
• Bend that occurs in a beam due to moment
• Perpendicular force multiplied by the distance from
the point
• Deflection of beam occurs which can be calculated
as:
δC = (F a3 / (3 E I)) (1 + 3 b / 2 a)
Where:
E= modulus of Elasticity
I= moment of inertia
54
55
St Venant’s theory
• Difference between the effects of two different but
statically equivalent loads become very small at
sufficiently large distance from load
According to St Venants theory:
In case of:
• free torsion:
The only stress that could exist in thin walled members is
the shear stress
• Restrained torsion:
Along with shear stresses, axial stresses are also
produced in restrained torsion
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Moment of inertia
Also known as :
• Area moment of inertia, Second moment of area,
Moment of inertia for an area
• Property of a beam that is used to find the
Deflection
Bending
Stresses in a beam
• It measures the beam ability to resist bending
• Larger the moment of inertia the less the beam will
bend
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Polar moment of inertia
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