LIFE CYCLE MALARI OF PARASIT

HISTORY OF MALARIA

• MALARIA IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY PARASITIC INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA FROM THE

GENUS PLASMODIUM. MALARIA IN HUMANS CAN BE CAUSED BY PLASMODIUM BY
P.MALARIAE, P.VIVAX, P.FALCIPARUM, AND P.OVALE. TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA IS CARRIED
OUT BY FEMALE MOSQUITOES FROM THE GENUS ANOPHELES. OF ABOUT 400 SPECIES OF
ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES. PLASMODIUM SPECIES FOUND IN INDONESIA ARE PLASMODIUM
FALCIPARUM AND PLASMODIUM VIVAX WHILE PLASMODIUM MALARIAE IS FOUND IN
LAMPUNG, NTT AND PAPUA PROVINCES. P. OVALE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE FOUND IN
PAPUA (MOH, 2006).MALARIA IS STILL A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM IN THE WORLD,
ESPECIALLY SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ESPECIALLY IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES
INCLUDING INDONESIA. AN INCREASE IN MALARIA CASES IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED
RESISTANCE. THIS RESISTANCE HAS CAUSED THE FAILURE OF MALARIA THERAPY TO EVEN
CAUSE DEATH, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN.
 TRANSLATION

• MALARIA ADALAH PENYAKIT YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH INFEKSI PARASIT PROTOZOA OBLIGAT INTRASELULER
DARI GENUS PLASMODIUM. MALARIA PADA MANUSIA DAPAT DISEBABKAN PLASMODIUM OLEH P.MALARIAE,
P.VIVAX, P.FALCIPARUM, DAN P.OVALE. PENULARAN PENYAKIT MALARIA DILAKUKAN OLEH NYAMUK BETINA DARI
GENUS ANOPHELES. DARI SEKITAR 400 SPESIES NYAMUK ANOPHELES. JENIS PLASMODIUM YANG BANYAK
DITEMUKAN DI INDONESIA ADALAH PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DAN PLASMODIUM VIVAX SEDANGKAN
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE DITEMUKAN DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG, NTT DAN PAPUA. P. OVALE PERNAH DILAPORKAN
DITEMUKAN DI PAPUA (DEPKES RI, 2006).MALARIA MASIH MENJADI MASALAH UTAMA KESEHATAN DI DUNIA
TERUTAMA BEBERAPA NEGARA BERKEMBANG, TERUTAMA DI NEGARA-NEGARA BERIKLIM TROPIS TERMASUK
INDONESIA. TERJADINYA PENINGKATAN KASUS MALARIA DIKAITKAN DENGAN PENINGKATAN RESISTENSI.
RESISTENSI INI TELAH MENYEBABKAN KEGAGALAN TERAPI MALARIA BAHKAN MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN
TERUTAMA PADA ANAK-ANAK DAN IBU HAMIL.
 LIFECYCLE
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MALARIA INVOLVES CYCLICAL INFECTION
OF HUMANS AND FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES. IN HUMANS,
THE PARASITES GROW AND MULTIPLY FIRST IN THE LIVER CELLS AND
THEN IN THE RED CELLS OF THE BLOOD. IN THE BLOOD, SUCCESSIVE
BROODS OF PARASITES GROW INSIDE THE RED CELLS AND DESTROY
THEM, RELEASING DAUGHTER PARASITES (“MEROZOITES”) THAT
CONTINUE THE CYCLE BY INVADING OTHER RED CELLS.
• THE BLOOD STAGE PARASITES ARE THOSE THAT CAUSE THE SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA. WHEN
CERTAIN FORMS OF BLOOD STAGE PARASITES (GAMETOCYTES, WHICH OCCUR IN MALE AND
FEMALE FORMS) ARE INGESTED DURING BLOOD FEEDING BY A FEMALE ANOPHELES
MOSQUITO, THEY MATE IN THE GUT OF THE MOSQUITO AND BEGIN A CYCLE OF GROWTH
AND MULTIPLICATION IN THE MOSQUITO. AFTER 10-18 DAYS, A FORM OF THE PARASITE
CALLED A SPOROZOITE MIGRATES TO THE MOSQUITO’S SALIVARY GLANDS. WHEN THE
ANOPHELES MOSQUITO TAKES A BLOOD MEAL ON ANOTHER HUMAN, ANTICOAGULANT
SALIVA IS INJECTED TOGETHER WITH THE SPOROZOITES, WHICH MIGRATE TO THE LIVER,
THEREBY BEGINNING A NEW CYCLE.THUS THE INFECTED MOSQUITO CARRIES THE DISEASE
FROM ONE HUMAN TO ANOTHER (ACTING AS A “VECTOR”), WHILE INFECTED HUMANS
TRANSMIT THE PARASITE TO THE MOSQUITO, IN CONTRAST TO THE HUMAN HOST, THE
MOSQUITO VECTOR DOES NOT SUFFER FROM THE PRESENCE OF THE PARASITES.
4. MEROZOITES INFECT RED BLOOD CELLS . THE RING STAGE TROPHOZOITES MATURE INTO
SCHIZONTS, WHICH RUPTURE RELEASING MEROZOITES .
5. SOME PARASITES DIFFERENTIATE INTO SEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES (GAMETOCYTES) .
BLOOD STAGE PARASITES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE
DISEASE. THE GAMETOCYTES, MALE (MICROGAMETOCYTES) AND FEMALE
(MACROGAMETOCYTES), ARE INGESTED BY AN ANOPHELES MOSQUITO DURING A BLOOD
MEAL .
6. THE PARASITES’ MULTIPLICATION IN THE MOSQUITO IS KNOWN AS THE SPOROGONIC CYCLE .
WHILE IN THE MOSQUITO’S STOMACH, THE MICROGAMETES PENETRATE THE MACROGAMETES
GENERATING ZYGOTES.
7. THE PARASITES’ MULTIPLICATION IN THE MOSQUITO IS KNOWN AS THE SPOROGONIC CYCLE .
WHILE IN THE MOSQUITO’S STOMACH, THE MICROGAMETES PENETRATE THE MACROGAMETES
GENERATING ZYGOTES .
8. THE ZYGOTES IN TURN BECOME MOTILE AND ELONGATED (OOKINETES) WHICH INVADE THE
MIDGUT WALL OF THE MOSQUITO WHERE THEY DEVELOP INTO OOCYSTS . THE OOCYSTS
GROW, RUPTURE, AND RELEASE SPOROZOITES, WHICH MAKE THEIR WAY TO THE MOSQUITO’S
SALIVARY GLANDS.
9. INOCULATION OF THE SPOROZOITES INTO A NEW HUMAN HOST PERPETUATES THE MALARIA
LIFE CYCLE.
 TRANSLATION

• SEJARAH ALAMI MALARIA MELIBATKAN INFEKSI SIKLUS MANUSIA DAN NYAMUK

ANOPHELES BETINA. PADA MANUSIA, PARASIT TUMBUH DAN BERKEMBANG
BIAK PERTAMA KALI DI DALAM SEL HATI DAN KEMUDIAN DI DALAM SEL DARAH
MERAH. DALAM DARAH, INDUK PARASIT BERTURUT-TURUT TUMBUH DI DALAM
SEL DARAH MERAH DAN MENGHANCURKANNYA, MELEPASKAN PARASIT ANAK
PEREMPUAN ("MEROZOIT") YANG MELANJUTKAN SIKLUS DENGAN MENYERANG
SEL DARAH MERAH LAINNYA.
Parasit tahap darah adalah yang menyebabkan gejala malaria. Ketika bentuk-bentuk tertentu dari parasit
tahap darah (gametosit, yang terjadi dalam bentuk jantan dan betina) dicerna selama makan darah oleh
nyamuk Anopheles betina, mereka kawin di dalam usus nyamuk dan memulai siklus pertumbuhan dan
multiplikasi pada nyamuk. Setelah 10-18 hari, bentuk parasit yang disebut sporozoit bermigrasi ke
kelenjar liur nyamuk. Ketika nyamuk Anopheles memakan darah manusia lain, air liur antikoagulan
disuntikkan bersama dengan sporozoit, yang bermigrasi ke hati, sehingga memulai siklus baru. Dengan
demikian, nyamuk yang terinfeksi membawa penyakit dari satu manusia ke manusia lainnya (bertindak
sebagai " vektor "), sementara manusia yang terinfeksi mengirimkan parasit ke nyamuk, berbeda dengan
inang manusia, vektor nyamuk tidak menderita dari kehadiran parasit.