PGT320

Chapter 4
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
(converting ac to dc)
Prepared by:-
Khairul Affendi Rosli, Msc
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 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS

 INTRODUCTION
 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
 CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
 EXERCISE

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 INTRODUCTION
Objective of a FWR:
• converting ac into a voltage or current that is purely dc or
has some specified dc component.

Advantages of FWR:
• The average current in the ac source is zero in the full-wave
rectifier, thus avoiding problems associated with nonzero
average source currents, particularly in transformers.
• The output of the full-wave rectifier has inherently less
ripple than the half-wave rectifier.

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Figure 4.1 pg 112

SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS

THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

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Figure 4.1 pg 112

Notes:

• D1, D2 conducts in same

pair. D3, D4 conducts in
same pair.
• Those pair cannot
conduct simultaneously.
• Max Vd (in r.bias) is
peak Vs but in negative
polarity.
• From source, Id 14 is
symmetric, so cancel
each other  zero.
• Irms load is similar with
Irms source  +ve
symmetric with –ve 
equal.
Figure 4.2 pg 113

THE CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER

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Figure 4.2 pg 113

THE CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER

Notes:

• Only contains 2 diodes (cost

saving) but need center
tapped transformer.
• Each diode cannot conduct
simultaneously.
• Iload can be +ve or zero but
cannot be –ve.
• Vo = +Vs1 when D1
conducts while –Vs2 when
D2 conducts. So
Vs1=Vs2=Vs(Nsec/2Npri)
• Transformer provide
electrical isolation between
source and load.
• Lower peak diodehigh
voltage application
• Only one diode voltage
dropsuitable for low V and
high I application.

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Figure 4.1(b) pg 115

R LOAD

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Figure 4.3a pg 116

R-L LOAD


vo  t   Vo  
n  2,4...
Vn cos  n0 t   

2Vm
where Vo 

2Vm  1 1 
Vn  

  n  1 n  1 
and

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Figure 4.3b-c

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 Example 4.1: FWR with R-L LOAD

The bridge rectifier circuit has an ac source with Vm =100 V at 60 Hz and a

series RL load with R=10 Ω and L=10 mH.

(a) Determine the average current in the load.

(b) Estimate the peak-to-peak variation in load

current based on the first ac term in the
Fourier series.

(c) Determine the power absorbed by the load and the

power factor of the circuit.

(d) Determine the average and rms currents in the diodes.

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 Solution Example 4.1: FWR with R-L LOAD

a) Average output voltage is :- c) Power absorbed by load, P=Irms²

Average output current is :-

b) Amplitudes of the ac voltage terms are determined from

previous Vn equation. For n =2 and n = 4,
Power in the load,

Irms source is similar with Irms load and power factor, pf

In equation for amplitudes of first two ac current terms:-

d) Each diode conducts for one-half of the time, so

Noted I2 larger, so variation of Io, △Io = 2 (3.39) = 6.78 A

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Figure 4.5

R-L-SOURCE LOAD

• Load current, Io always positive for steady-

state operation (after a few periods).
• One pair of diodes is always conducting
and Vo is a FW rectified sine wave.
• Unchanged by DC sourcecontinuous.
Notes

• Industrial load also modeled as

series resistance, inductance and dc
source such as AC motor drive and
battery charger.
• 2 possible modes:- continuous and
discontinuous.
• Load current, Io returning to zero during
every period.
• Analyzed like HWR. Vo is not FW rectified
sine wave.
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Figure 4.6

CAPACITANCE OUTPUT FILTER

Notes

• Placing a large capacitor in parallel with R-

load  Vo essentially becomes a DC.
• Time that C need to discharge in FWR is
smaller compared to HWR; because of
rectified sine wave in second half of each
period. Noted HWR is zero (unrectified) for
its second half in one period.
• The Vo ripple for FWR is one half of HWR.
• The peak for Vo will be less in FWR
because 2 diodes voltage drops rather than
one in HWR.

For small ΔVo:

Vm  Vm
Vo  
RC 2f RC
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Figure 4.7

VOLTAGE DOUBLERS
Notes
• Circuit (a) serves as simple voltage doubler
 Vo is twice the Vs peak.
• +ve supply  C1 charges to Vm through
D1. -ve supply  C2 charges to Vm
through D2. Thus Vo = sum of capacitors
C1,C2 voltages = 2Vm.
• Advantage of voltage doubler(V/Do.):-
This circuit avoid using a transformer
to step up its voltage  saving expense,
volume and weight.
• Circuit (b) comes with capacitance output
filter.
• When switch open:  circuit acts as
FWR output approximately Vm when C
large.
• When switch closed:  circuit acts as
V/Do.+ve supply: C1 charges to Vm
through D1, -ve supply C2 charges to Vm
through D4. Vo = 2Vm. Diodes D1,D3
remains reverse biased in this mode.
• Application: 120V to 240V traveller AC
adaptor system. (UK system  US)
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Figure 4.8 pg 127

L-C FILTERED OUTPUT

Notes

• This time, FWR output has an LC filter

 to produce Vo that close to purely DC.
• C  holds Vo at constant level
• L  smooths current from rectifier and
reduces peak current in the diodes.
• Can work in  continuous current
 discontinuous current
• Continuous current mode  inductor
current always +ve
• Discontinuous current mode  inductor
current returns to zero in each cycle.
• However, continuous case is easy to
analyze is considered first.

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Figure 4.9a

PSpice

The small capacitors across the diodes help with convergence.

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Figure 4.9b

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Figure 4.10 pg 131

CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS


1 Vm
Vo  Vm sin  t  d  t  
 1  cos  
 

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 CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS

• A versatile method of controlling the output of a full-wave rectifier is to

substitute diodes with controlled switches such as thyristors (SCRs).
Output is controlled by adjusting the delay angle of each SCR,
resulting in an output voltage that is adjustable over a limited range.
• Controlled full-wave rectifiers are shown in Fig. 4-10. For the bridge
rectifier, SCRs S1 and S2 will become forward-biased when the
source becomes positive but will not conduct until gate signals are
applied. Similarly, S3 and S4 will become forward-biased when the
source becomes negative but will not conduct until they receive gate
signals.
• For the center-tapped transformer rectifier, S1 is forward-biased
when vs is positive, and S2 is forward-biased when vs is negative,
but each will not conduct until it receives a gate signal.
• The delay angle, α is the angle interval between the forward biasing
of the SCR and the gate signal application. If the delay angle is zero,
the rectifiers behave exactly as uncontrolled rectifiers with diodes. The
discussion that follows generally applies to both bridge and center-
tapped rectifiers.
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Figure 4.10a , c pg 132

CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

WITH AN R LOAD


1 V
Vo  Vm sin  t  d  t   m 1  cos  

 
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Figure 4.10a pg 132

EXAMPLE 4.6: CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

WITH AN R LOAD
Solution
• Average output voltage,

• Average load current,

• Power absorbed by load is,

***(convert α=40°  radian  0.698)

• Rms current in source also 5.80A so that

the apparent power of the source is:-

• Power factor,

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Figure 4.11a

CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

WITH AN R-L LOAD
• Current functionszero at ωt = β.
• If β < π+α , current remains zero until ωt =
π+α  when gate signal is applied to S3
and S4becomes f/biased and begin to
conduct.

• Analysis of the controlled FWR operating

Notes
• Can be either continuous or discontinuous
and each of them have separate analysis.
• For discontinuous, starting the analysis at
ωt =0 with zero load current,
• SCRs S1 and S2 forward-biased and
S3 and S4 reverse-biased as +Vs.
• Gate signals are applied to S1 and S2 at t,
turning S1 and S2 on Vo = Vs.
• Identical to that of the controlled HWR.
in the discontinuous current mode
identical to controlled HWR except
period for the output current is π rather
than 2π rad.
• For continuous, the load current is still
positive at ωt= π+α when gate signals are
applied to S3 and S4, both are turned on
and S1 and S2 are forced to off.
• Second half cycle, initial current condition
not zero current function not repeat.

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Figure 4.11b

DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT

Vm 
io (t) =  sin(t  )  sin(  )e  ( t   )/  
Z
for   t  

 L  L
where Z = R 2 + (L) 2 ,  = tan 1   , and  =
 R  R

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Figure 4.11b-c

CONTINUOUS CURRENT


1 2Vm
Vo   Vm sin  t  d  t   cos 
 


2Vm  cos(n + 1) cos(n  1) 

Vn  a 2n  b2n an = 
  n + 1 n  1 

2Vm  sin(n + 1) sin(n  1) 

bn = 
  n + 1 n  1 
n = 2, 4, 6 . . .
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Figure 4.12

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Figure 4.13

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Figure 4.14

CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH

AN R-L-SOURCE LOAD

2Vm
Vo  cos 

Pdc  Io Vdc
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Figure 4.15

CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTER

OPERATING AS AN INVERTER

• For inverter operation of the converter in

Fig. 4-14, power is supplied by the dc
source, and power is absorbed by the bridge
and is transferred to the ac system.
• The load current must be in the direction
shown because of the SCRs in the bridge.
For power to be supplied by the dc source,
Vdc must be negative. For power to be
absorbed by the bridge and transferred to the
ac system, the bridge output voltage Vo must
also be negative.
• So a delay angle larger than 90 will result in
a negative output voltage.

0 <  < 90  Vo > 0, rectifier operation

90 <  < 180  Vo < 0, inverter operation

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 EXERCISE #1
1. Design and label a full-wave controlled
bridge rectifier has an ac input of 240 V at
50 Hz and a 20 Ω load resistor. The firing
angle,α is 40°.
2. Determine the average current in the load,
the power absorbed by the load, the source
voltamperes and power factor.

• ANSWER:-

20 Ω
Vs=240V
f= 50Hz

S1,S2,S3,S4 = SCR
α = 40°

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 EXERCISE #2
A controlled full-wave bridge rectifier of
Fig. 4-11a has a source of 120 V rms at
60Hz, R =10Ω, L =20 mH, and α=60°.

Determine

(a) an expression for load current,

(b) the average load current, and
(c) the power absorbed by the load.

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