CREDENTIALS

PROF. APOLINAR B. FUDALAN, MMBM

GRADUATED:
 BSC – Accounting (DWCT/HNU – 1988)
 Associate in Computer Science – 1992
 BS in Computer Science (Pioneering)HNU-1995
 Master in Management major in Busn. Mgt.
(USJR- Cebu - 2010)
POST GRADUATE STUDIES:(on-going)
DOCTOR IN MANAGEMENT major in:
HUMAN RESOURCE MGT. - (USJR-Cebu City)

0907-337-1365(SMART) 09450638282(GLOBE) 0922-324-7319(SUN)

427-2258 (PLDT LANDLINE) / e-mail ad.-- polfudalan@gmail.com
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE CONCEPTS

- Database Terms and Concepts

- Objectives and Goals of Database

- File organization

- Types of Database
 Data vs. Information

 Data – a collection of facts made up of text, numbers an

d dates:
Murray 35000 7/18/86

 Information - the meaning given to data in the way it is i

nterpreted:
Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary is
$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986.
 What is a Database?
is a collection of information organized so that it can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.
 A structured collection of related data
 A filing cabinet, an address book, a telephon
e directory, a timetable, etc.
 Google and your email is a database
 School Student Information System
 Sample database programs

 Base
 MS Access
 File Maker Pro
 MySQL
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 Each program creates a database file or files in its native format.
Manual Database – written directories / filing cabinets / massive
information
Disadvantages:
1. tedious
2. difficult to modify
3. re-arrange the list
Advantages of a Computerized Database:
1. provide speed
2. sorting require less time
3. compact
4. flexible – examine info from number of angles
5. more practical

DATABASE MODE OF OPERATION:

1. Immediate Mode - database commands are immediately
entered on the keyboard or selected from series of menus
2. Programmed Mode - series of instruction are executed
Database Management:
A: Goals
1. Collect, maintain, and organize data
2. Make information easily accessible
3. Enable insights that result from mining
large amounts of information
B. OBJECTIVES
1. Control Redundancy
2. Relating Data Items
3. Data Integrity
4. Data Security
5. Database Performance
6. Management Control
What Is a DBMS?
- A very large, integrated collection
of data.
- Models real-world enterprise.
•Entities (e.g., students, courses)
•Relationships (e.g., Madonna is
taking CS564)

- A Database Management System

(DBMS) is a software package d esigned to
store and manage databases.
Why Use a DBMS?

• Data independence and efficient access.

• Reduced application development time.

• Data integrity and security.

• Uniform data administration.

• Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.

What is the ultimate purpose of a
database management system?

Data Information Knowledge Action

 Basic Database Concepts
 Table Name: Barry Harris
A set of related records College: Medicine
Tel: 392-5555
 Record
– A collection of data Name: Barry Harris
College: Medicine
about an individual item Tel: 392-5555

 Field
– A single item of data Name: Barry Harris
common to all records
 An Example of a Table

Fields

Records
Name GatorLink Phone College
Graff rgraff 392-3900 Pharmacy
Harris bharris 392-5555 Medicine
Ipswich zipswich 846-5656 PHHP
 What a Database Is and Is Not
The word database is commonly used to refer
to any of the following:
 your personal address book in a Word document
 a collection of Word documents
 a collection of Excel Spreadsheets
 a very large flat file on which you run some
statistical analysis functions
 data collected, maintained, and used in airline
reservation
 data used to support the launch of a space shuttle
 Different parts of a database

Fields – different types of data (number or text)

Records

Queries

Reports
 Primary Keys & Foreign Keys
Name User Phone College
Graff rgraff 392-3900 Pharmacy
Harris bharris 392-5555 Medicine
Ipswich zipswich 846-5656 PHHP

To ensure that each record is unique in each table, we

can set one field to be a Primary Key field.
A Primary Key is a field that that will contain no
duplicates and no blank values.
Foreign Keys link to data in other tables
Use a DBMS when this
is important
 persistent storage of data
 centralized control of data
 control of redundancy
 control of consistency and integr
ity
 multiple user support
 sharing of data
 data documentation
 data independence
 control of access and security
 backup and recovery
Do not use a
DBMS when
 the initial investment in
hardware, software, and
training is too high
 the generality a DBMS
provides is not needed
 the overhead for security,
concurrency control, and
recovery is too high
 data and applications are
simple and stable
 real-time requirements
cannot be met by it
 multiple user access is not
needed
PEOPLE THAT WORK
WITH DATABASES
 System Analysts
 Database Designers
 Application Developers
 Database Administrators
 End Users
 System Analysts
 communicate with each prospective databas
e user group in order to understand its
information needs
processing needs
 develop a specification of each user group’s
information and processing needs
 develop a specification integrating the infor
mation and processing needs of the user gro
ups
 document the specification
 Database Designers
 choose appropriate structures to represent th
e information specified by the system analy
sts
 choose appropriate structures to store the inf
ormation in a normalized manner in order to
guarantee integrity and consistency of data
 choose appropriate structures to guarantee a
n efficient system
 document the database design
 Application Developers
 implement the database design
 implement the application programs to
meet the program specifications
 test and debug the database implement
ation and the application programs
 document the database implementatio
n and the application programs
 Database Administrators
 Manage the database structure
participate in database and application development
assist in requirement analysis
participate in database design and creation
develop procedures for integrity and quality of data
facilitate changes to database structure
seek communitywide solutions
assess impact on all users
provide configuration control
be prepared for problems after changes are made
maintain documentation
 Database Administrators
(cont.)
 Manage data activity
establish database standards consistent with dat
a administration standards
establish and maintain data dictionary
establish data proponencies
work with data proponents to develop data acce
ss and modification rights
develop, document, and train staff on backup an
d recovery procedures
publish and maintain data activity standards doc
umentation
 Database Administrators (cont.)
 Manage the database management system
generate database application performance reports
investigate user performance complaints
assess need for changes in database structure or applicatio
n design
modify database structure
evaluate and implement new DBMS features
tune the database
 Establish the database data dictionary
data names, formats, relationships
cross-references between data and application programs
(see metadata slide)
 End Users
 Parametric end users constantly query and upda
te the database. They use canned transactions to s
upport standard queries and updates.
 Casual end users occasional access the database,
but may need different information each time. Th
ey use sophisticated query languages and browser
s.
 Sophisticated end users have complex requirem
ent and need different information each time. The
y are thoroughly familiar with the capabilities of t
he DBMS.
 Database Types
 Embedded databases
the entire database is contained within a single file.
 Flat databases
contains one or more tables, each containing one or mo
re fields.
 Relational databases
contain one or more tables with one or more relationshi
ps; each relationship is defined by a pair of fields.
ELEMENTS OF A DATA STRUCTURE:
1. Field Name / Field - name or title of a field
- letters , numbers 0-9 , underscore
character (-)
- should start with a letter
2. Data Type / Field type - the type of entry
allowed for each field
3. Field size / Length / Width - the maximum
number of characters in a field
- limits the size of a field to a specified
number of characters
4. Decimal - sets decimal location
- related to number and currency field
DATA TYPES

DATA TYPE DATA STORED

TEXT - alphanumeric characters up to 255
include nos., letters, & punctuation symbols
(nos. not computed or calculated)
NUMBERS - numeric values (integer, decimal, scientific)
DATE / TIME - date & time in various formats – MM / DD / YYYY
(short date, long date , medium date, short
time, etc….)
YES / NO - yes / no , true / false response / logical values
MEMO - alphanumeric characters up to 64,000
CURRENCY - monetary data (euro, standard , etc)
AUTONUMBER - create numeric sequence for record
identification
OLE OBJECT - sound, video, and pictures
HYPERLINK - link to internet resource
LOOK UP WIZARD - locates data from another table
FIELD PROPERTIES
- are the named attributes of table fields
- specify the characteristics of a field and
customized the behavior and appearance
of any field