Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(人体寄生虫学)
Liwei Li
Department of Medical Microbiology and
Parasitology
College of Medicine, Zhejiang University
lilw2@zju.edu.cn
Introduction to Parasitology
• F. E. G. Cox. History of Human Parasitology.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 October; 15 (4): 595–
612
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.f
cgi?artid=126866
• Olson & Guselle. Are pig parasite a human
health risk?
http://www.banffpork.ca/proc/2000pdf/Chap13-
Olson.pdf
You need to know in the course of
human parasitology
• What is parasitology?
• What are parasitism, parasite and host ?
• What is the life cycle of a parasite?
• How is the host-parasite interplay ?
• How do we diagnose the infections with
parasites?
• What do we need to understand in the
epidemiology of parasitic infections?
• What are principles of control of parasitic
diseases?
Pathogens
microbes parasites
Pathogens
Infectious or
communicable
diseases!
Definition of Parasitology
Parasitology is a discipline dealing with the biology of
animal parasites, ecology of parasitism with emphasis on
parasite--host and parasite--environmental interactions.
Human parasitology or Medical parasitology is restricted
in studying those parasites that are of importance in
medicine
2. _
• Medical importance
• Veterinary importance
• Economic importance
Medical Importance of Parasites
(WHO,1999)
Examples of Medical Importance
in the World
Medical Importance in China
• Five major parasitic diseases
• Malaria
• Schistosomiasis
• Kala-azar (黑热病)
• Filariasis
• Hookworm disease
Medical Importance in China
Medical Importance in China
Parasite infection Estimated number
of cases(2004)
Malaria (P.v & P.f infection) 60.2 thousand (2006)
Ascariasis (large roundworm infection) 85.9 million
Evolution of parasitism:
Understanding start with basic concept of symbiosis
• Symbiosis was first coined by the German de
Bary in 1879 - to mean “living together”. It was
originally coined to refer to all cases where
dissimilar organisms or species (e.g.,
heterogenetic associations) live together in an
intimate association
Interactions of Symbionts
In order to facilitate our understanding of symbiosis, 3
subordinate categories of symbiotic relationships are
indicated. They are: commensalism (including
phoresis), mutualism, and parasitism
Symbiosis (cont.)
1. Mutualism(互利共生)
• This occurs when each member of the association
benefits the other
• The mutuals are metabolically dependent on one
another. Sometimes, one cannot survive in the
absence of the other
• eg. the flagellate cannot
survive outside the termite
• To carry -- phoresis
• Example: Remora fish associated with sharks
feeds on leftover food
Symbiosis (cont.)
3. Parasitism(寄生)
• A parasitos (para: beside; sitos: grain or food): Original
meaning from the Greek is a relationship in which "one
eats at another's table or lives at another's expense."
• Parasitism is a relationship in which one of the
participants, the parasite, either harms its host (the
part that got harmed) or in some sense lives at the
expense of the host.
Debate: The amoeba Entamoeba invadens is harmless in turtles but
causes 100% mortality in snakes.
Is it then a commensal (when it’s in turtles) or is it a parasite (when it’s in
snakes)?
The true nature of parasitism involves an ecological relationship between the
parasite and its host. A parasite is metabolically dependent on its host.
Symbiosis (sum.)
•The categories of symbiosis are man-made constructs introduced
primarily for convenience (they allow us to categorize natural symbiosis
associations). There can in fact be overlap between various categories.
Commensalism
and Phoresis
Mutualism Parasitism
ecology---obligatory/facultative; accidental or
opportunistic
duration of parasitism---permanent/intermittent
Kinds of Parasites
• An organism that does not absolutely depend on
the parasitic way of life, but is capable of
adapting to it if placed in such a relationship is
known as a facultative parasite
• If an organism is completely dependent on the
host during a segment or all of its life cycle the
parasite is known as an obligatory parasite
• Parasites that live within the body of their host
(intestinal tract, liver, etc.) are called
endoparasites
• Parasites that are attached to the outer surfaces
of their hosts are called ectoparasites
Host
— Definition: In the parasitism, the partners
which provide the food and shelter for
parasites, and to some degree are injured by
this association, are scientifically called as
hosts.
larger, more complex and better regulated
bodies
Types of the host
• A definitive host(终宿主) is the host in which the
parasite become sexually mature (where the
adult worm harbor or undergoing sexual
reproduction).
A transport/paratenic/transfer host ( 转 续 宿
主 ) : When parasite enters the body of an
abnormal host and not undergoes any
development but continues to stay alive and be
infective to the normal host.The host is called
the transport host.
not necessary for the completion of the parasite’s life cycle
Definitions of Hosts (cont.)
• Immune compromised hosts are persons who
are considered to have reduced resistance to
illness include: infants, hospital patients,
pregnant women, frail, elderly people,
malnourished individuals, people with controlled
physical or metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes or
high blood pressure), people with AIDS.
Definitions of Hosts (cont.)
• Opportunistic parasitic infection: Any
infection caused by a parasite that does not
normally cause disease in humans; occurs in
persons with abnormally functioning immune
systems (as AIDS patients or transplant patients
receiving immunosuppressive drugs).
– For example: Toxoplasma gondii, Crypsosporidium
(Pneumocystis jeroveci (carinii) -----
Pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP)
Definitions of Hosts (cont.)
Vector parasite infections may be carried
from one host to another by means of
arthropod vectors. A vector may also be a
host if development of the parasite takes
place with its body.(If the arthropod is simply
an instrument of passive transfer, we refer to
it as a mechanical vector)
What is the Life Cycle
Life cycle described the ontogenesis, development
and reproduction of the parasite, tracking it through
the various phases of its life history which will
encompass both parasitic and non-parasitic stages.
Acquired immunity
oval or can-shaped
with a thin, hyaline
shell, measured 60-
75 by 36-40 µm.
Life cycle
Life cycle
• No intermediate host is necessary
• Larva takes a free living mode
• The filariform larva is the infective stage
• Infection routes: skin penetration(mainly); orally
swallow; maternal-child
• Residing in human upper small intestine: duodenum,
jejunum
• Blood-Lung migration: skin --- lymphatic system ---
right side of the heart --- lung --- respiratory tree ---
coughed up and swallowed --- small intestine
• Persisting migrans( 迁 延 移 行 ): Ancylostoma
duodenale
Pathogenesis
1. Hookworm larvae dermatitis:
Penetration of the skin by the filariform
larvae may be asymptomatic in
previously uninfected individuals.
However, those experiencing repeated
infections develop itching, known as
"ground itch" or "dew itch".
Pathogenesis
2. Migration of pre-adult cause
temporary pulmonary inflammation:
In heavily infected individuals
(i.e., 500-1000 worms), there can
be symptoms of pneumonia during
the migratory phase in the
developmental cycle of these worms
Pathogenesis