Proteins

Proteins with different amino acid sequences have different

functions.
Proteins with similar amino acid sequences have similar functions.

Proteins with mutations that alter their amino acid sequence alter
also their function.
Proteins with similar functions are not 100% identical.

Some mutations do not alter the function of a protein, they are

called silent mutations.

Around 20 to 30 % of proteins in the human population are

polymorphic.
Some proteins in distantly related species that have similar
functions differ considerably in the size of the protein and the
amino acids sequence.
The amino acid sequence of a protein can be deduced from
the sequence of a gene.
The amino acid sequence of a protein can be deduced from
the sequence of a gene.
TRANSLATION
The amino acid sequence of a protein can be determined by
direct sequencing.
NCS
NCS
NCS
NCS
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Enzymes
 Regulation
Active site site
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Keratin
Keratin
Collagen
Collagen
Collagen
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Hemoglobin
O2 transport

CO2 transport

Hemoglobin
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Casein
Plant embryo storage proteins
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gaz transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Antibody animation
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Insulin
Prepro

Pro
Insulin animation
Prolactin
Prolactin
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Actin and myosin
Actin and myosin animation 1

Actin and myosin animation 2

Actin and myosin

 Enzymes
Mechanical Structural
work proteins

Hormones
Gas transport

the immune
Nutrient
system
molecule
Proteins need to be extracted first from cells
 A crude
extract

Proteins need to be extracted first from cells

 Sonicator

Ultrasound is a convenient way to obtain a crude

extract of proteins from bacteria
Ion-exchange
Size-exclusion
Size-exclusion

http://www.austincc.edu/biocr/1406/laba/sec/
Affinity
Affinity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb791WsC78s
HPLC is a special type of column chromatography