1 . MOBILE PHONE ! WHAT ?

 Phone on the move

 Allows to communicate to people

with anybody while on move
 OVERVIEW OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONs

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invented
Telephone

• 1887 - Heinrich Hertz discovered “Hertzian

Waves” ( Radio Waves)

• 1896 - Marconi started First Radio

Transmission ( Trans Atlantic Radio
Transmission in 1901)
• From the beginning of the 20th century, police
in Europe & north America have been
equipped to communicate with patrol vehicles
• In early 1950s bell telephone company in usa
introduced radio telephones to customers
• 1964 - Shared resources concept introduced
• 1977 - PHS in Japan
• 1978 - AMPS in USA by BELL Lab
• 1982 - USA has standardised the AMPS
• 1982 - ETSI has setup GSM
• 1986 - Field test of GSM
• 1987 - TDMA selected for GSM
• 1989 - Validation of GSM
• 1990 - Pre-operational system (GSM)
• 1991 - Commercial system start up
• 1992 - Capital Cities & Airports
• 1993 - Coverage of Main Roads
• 1994 - Coverage of Countryside
 PSTN NETWORK

VOICE
PSTN PSTN
SWITCH SWITCH
SIGNAL

DB DB DB
BTS

BSC MSC
BTS

BTS

GSM NETWORK
 MOBILE GENERATIONS
• 1G - Analogue (Cellular revolution)
- Only Mobile Voice Services
• 2G - Digital (Breaking Digital Barrier)
- Mostly Voice services & Data Delivery Possible
• 3G - Voice & Data (Breaking Data Barrier)
- Mainly for data services where voice services
will also be possible
Generations of Cellular Technologies
Integrated
Fixed/Mobile
Cellular PCS Networks
Broadband
Multimedia
Wireless
Voice
+ Data
PCS
Digital
PCS
Analog
Cellula
r

1G 2G 2.5 G 3G 4G
 Wireless Access Technologies
Time
Time
Code
Code

Freq
Freq
TDMA
FDMA Time
Time Division Multiple Access
eg. IS-136, GSM
Frequency Division Multiple Access Each user has part time use of the spectral
eg. Analog AMPS allocation
Code
Each user defined fulltime use of part of the
spectral allocation

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
eg. IS-95
Full time us of the full spectral allocation
Freq
 CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE
SYSTEMS

• Based on
" Re-use of available frequency ”
• Allows greater density of users

Presently available Networks :

1 . Analogue Cellular Radio
2 . Digital Cellular Radio
 BSS

TRX
BTS

Um A bis BSC MSC

A
TRX

BTS
MS

BASE STATION SUB-SYSTEM

10
BTF - 2000 / 6 VERSION
RACK
INTERFACE

ACE - RX
ANTENNA
COUPLING
EQUIPMENT

ACE - TX

6 RADIO
TERMINALS
RT-0 To RT-5
IN RMF-0

POWER SUPPLY

11
 BTS-2000 FUNCTIONS
1 . SIGNAL PROTOCOL PROCESSING

2 . CALL HANDLING FUNCTIONS

- Setting up and monitoring connections

3 . O & M FUNCTIONS
- Monitoring, Controlling and co-ordinating
resources within the BTS

4 . IMPROVING TRANSMISSION QUALITIES

- Reducing the effect of disturbance caused by
interference and minimise them

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SIGNAL AND PROTOCOL PROCESSING

1. Downlink Direction
2. Uplink direction
3. Channel Coding
4. Speech data coding
5. Data channel coding
6. Signaling data coding
7. Signaling data decoding

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 Signal Processing

DOWNLINK Direction :-
• Signals are forwarded over PCM highway.
• BTS controllers process the signaling data.
• Data for MS is inserted in correct signaling channel.
• Signaling and Traffic Data are interleaved & encrypted
to protect against unauthorized monitoring.

UPLINK Direction :-
• The RF signal is received from MS.
• The RF signal is then demodulated & equalized.
• Received data from MS is decrypted and interleaved
data packets returned to original order
• Data is channel coded , checked for errors & sent on PCM.
• Signaling data is processed by BTS controllers &
forwarded to BSC. 14
 Channel Coding

- Data being transmitted in Blocks/Sub blocks over

Radio interface to be protected against corruption
due to Fading and co-channel interference

- Additional check bits are added for this purpose by

channel coding to detect Transmission errors

- Original data is re-constructed to a limited extent

15
 Speech data coding

• Speech codec produces 260 bit block for every 20ms speech samples
• Class Ia----> 50 bits more sensitive to BE
• Class Ib----> 132 bits moderate sensitive to BE
• Class II-----> 78 bits least sensitive to BE
• Class Ia added 3 bits for error detection----> 53 bits
• 4 bits tail sequence ---> 53+132+4=189 bits
• This 189 bits added to 1/2 rate convolutional encoder generates 378
bits
• 378+78=456 bits
• Thus 260 bit block for every 20ms speech is converted into 456 bits
BR=22.8 kbps (456*1000/20=22800) this goes to air

16
Data channel coding :-

Subscriber data is encoded in blocks of 240 data bits.

4 tail bits are added.
half-rate convolution coder generates , 456- bit blocks

Signaling Data channel coding :-

Signaling data is encoded in blocks of 184 bits.

40 parity bits & 4 tail bits are added for correcting errors.
half-rate convolution coder generates, 456- bit blocks.

Signaling Data channel Decoding :-

Errors are corrected to the extent possible during decoding
The current bit error rate is calculated.
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 Interleaving
- After channel coding , Sub blocks of data are
distributed across several TDMA Frames by interleaving

TX RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 3 5 7 9 11 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 3 5 7 9 11 2 4 6 8 10 12

Case-I If 5 bits are lost, information of 1 to 5 is lost

Case-II If 5 bits are lost, information of 1 3 5 7 9 only
is lost, but 2 4 6 8 10 are available

- Because of interleaving, only isolated Sub blocks

affected, which can be corrected with the aid of check bits
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Ciphering :-

• It protects against unauthorized monitoring of speech

& data.
• Two ciphering algorithm for BTS.
• Uses different parameters for every connection.
• Algorithms are specified by AUC .

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 Burst Formation

• Interleaved & Encoded data packets in groups

are called " BURSTS "
• It is physical content of a TS.

• TYPES OF BURSTS

1. Normal Burst
2. Dummy Burst
3. Access Burst
4. Synchronisation Burst
5. Frequency Correcting Burst

20
DEMODULATION :-

• In receive direction , the I/C signal is filtered , mixed &

amplified.
• The in-phase & the quadrature components are recovered.

EQUALIZATION:-

• An antenna receives a superposition of a direct signal &

many reflected signals having different phase relationships.
• The equalization algorithm constructs an inverse filter to
recover the original signal.

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CALL HANDLING FUNCTION

1 . Radio Channel Management

2 . Detection of Loss of connection

3 . Radio Link Control Measurement

4 . Transcoder Control and Supervision

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RADIO CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
- Radio channel management is the responsibility of BSC
- BSC selects the channel to be used, and in-turn,
modifies them and then releases them
- BSC informs BTS of any relevant parameters

Mobile Station Access Attempts

- Access attempts by MS on the Random Access Channel

(RACH) are analysed by BTS and reports the propagation
delay to BSC
- BTS also detects a hand over access attempt and
reports to BSC
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 Transcoder control & supervision :-

Function :- Speech transcoding or data rate adaptation.

• The TRAU frames sent by transcoder contains control bits.

• If control bits not present then BTS sends error message to
BSC

Minimizing speech delay :-

• Using control bits in TRAU frames , BTS controls transcoder
in such a way that the TRAU frames sent from it arrive in the
optimal time position , preventing dspeech delay.

Connection release :-

• BTS sends PCM dummy bursts to the TRAU & the connection
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is released.
 BTS CONFIGURATIONS

• BTS-2000 / 6 MAY CONTAIN UP TO 6 RTs with the

following configuration in one RT Mounting Frame
RMF-0

•2+2+2
•4+2
• Single Cell with up to 6 RTs

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BTS CONFIGURATIONS
• BTS-2000 / 12 idN MAY CONTAIN UP TO 12 RTs
with the following configuration in Two RT Mounting
Frames, RMF- 0 & RMF - 1

•4+4+4
•6+6
•BTS-2000 / 12 MAY CONTAIN UP TO 12 RTs
with the following configuration in Two RT Mounting
Frames, RMF- 0 & RMF - 1

•4+4+4
•6+4+2
•8+4
•6+6
• Single Cell with up to 12 RTs 27
THANK YOU