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Programming with C++

Lecture 4: Decision making statements

Sikander Naseem
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Decision making statements

 Sequential Programming
 Using decision making statements we can have
flexible programming.
 Condition base execution
• The if statement
• The if ---- else statement
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The if Statements
 Syntax
If (condition) statement;
 Condition is any integral expression
 Statement is any executable statement.
 The statement will be executed if the integral
expression is having any non zero value (true)
 If the value from the integral expression is zero
(false) the statement will not be executed
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The if Statements
int main()
{int m, n;
cout << "Enter integer m = ";
cin>>m;
cout << "Enter integer n = ";
cin>>n;
if (m%n) cout << "The remainder is not
zero"<<endl;
}

 Since the execution ends without anything on false

condition so it incomplete
 So…
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The if ---- else Statements

 The if--- else statement gives choice between two
statements depending on the condition
 Syntax
if (condition) statement 1;
else statement 2;
 IF the value of condition is non zero statement 1
will be else (zero) than statement 2 will be excuted
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{int m, n;
cout << "Enter integer m = ";
cin>>m;
cout << "Enter integer n = ";
cin>>n;
if (m%n) cout << "The remainder is not zero"<<endl;
else cout << "The remainder is zero"<<endl;
}
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Comparison Operators
 Six comparison operators
X < y //x is less than y
X > y //x is greater than y
X <= y //x is less than or equal to y
X >= y //x is greater than or equal to y
X == y //x is equal to y
X != y //x is not equal to y
 These comparison operators can be used as condition
in the decision making statements.
 For instance an integral statement with comparison of
two values.
 Assignment and equal to operator
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Comparison Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{int m, n;
cout << "Enter two positive integer = ";
cin>>m>>n;
if (m<n) cout << "m is the smaller integer"<<endl;
else cout << "n is the smaller integer"<<endl;
}

 What if we put two equal nr.s

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Comparison Operators
 Three integers
int main()
{int l, m, n;
cout << "Enter three positive integer = ";
cin>>l>>m>>n;
int min=l;
if (m<min) min=m;
if (n<min) min=n;
cout << min<< "is the smallest integer"<<endl;
}
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Statement block
 Remember internal blocks and scope
 Statement block are used to execute several
statements with one decision.
if (condition){ statement 1; statement 2; statement 3;}
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Statement block
int main()
{// this program arranges two integer in ascending order
int m, n;
cout << "Enter two positive integer = ";
cin>>m>>n;
if (m>n) {int arrange=m; m=n; n=arrange;} //Swap
cout <<m<<" and "<< n<<endl;
}
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Compound conditions
 With compound conditions we can combine two
condition together for decisions making,
 The OR (||), AND (&&) and NOT (!) operators are
used for this purpose.
 Truth Table
 For example
x<y && x!=y

x<y || a==b
 Short circuiting
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Compound conditions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{int m, n;
cout << "Enter two positive integer = ";
cin>>m>>n;
if (m<n && m!=n) cout << "m is the smaller integer"<<endl;
if (n<m && m!=n) cout << "n is the smaller integer"<<endl;
}
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Compound conditions
int main()
{int l, m, n;
cout << "Enter three positive integer = ";
cin>>l>>m>>n;
if (l<=m && l<=n) cout<<l<<"is the smallest
integer";
if (m<=l && m<=n) cout<<m<<"is the smallest
integer";
if (n<=l && n<=m) cout<<n<<"is the smallest
integer";
}
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Nested decision making statements

 Just like compound statement we can combine two
conditions together by nesting the decision making
statement.
 Selection appropriate comparison condition is tricky as
in nesting the compounding is always AND operator.
if (condition1)
if (condition2) statement 1

if (condition1)
if (condition2) statement 1;
else statement 2;
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Nested decision making statements

int main()
{int l, m, n;
cout << "Enter three positive integer = ";
cin>>l>>m>>n;
if (l<=m)
if (l<=n) cout<<l<<"is the smallest integer";
if (m<=l)
if (m<=n) cout<<m<<"is the smallest integer";
if (n<=l)
if (n<=m) cout<<n<<"is the smallest integer";
}

 All equal integers?

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The else … If construct

 Test for parallel alternatives with nesting
 The else --- if construct can be used.
if (condition1) statement 1;
else
if (condition2) statement 2;

if (condition1) statement 1;
else if (condition2) statement 2;
else if (condition3) statement 3;
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The else … If construct

int main()
{int marks;
cout << "Please enter your score out of 100 = ";
cin>> marks;
if (marks>100) cout <<"out of range value";
else if (marks>=90) cout <<" your grad is A";
else if (marks>=80) cout <<" your grad is B";
else if (marks>=70) cout <<" your grad is C";
else if (marks>=60) cout <<" your grad is D";
else if (marks>=0) cout << " your grad is F";
else cout << "out of range value";
 } switch statement
The
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Practice
 Create a program to ask shape of room from round and
rectangular/square. Than ask the user for dimensions. Calculate
the areas and calculate the carpet cost for 100 Rs/ft2. Output total
cost.

 Convert the grading software in above example to be flexible.

Such that acquired marks and max marks are asked for input and
giving grades based on score in 100%

 Create a simple calculator. Enter two integers first. Use else---if

construct to select the athematic operator (+, -, *, /). Output the
answer after the athematic operations is performed.
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The End

Thanks for coming

Reference book:
Programming with C++, SCHAUM’s outlines, John Hubbard,
3rd/2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New Delhi