CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR

HYDROXYL AND CARBONYL-

CONTAINING COMPUNDS
GROUP 3:
BADILLES, ANDAWIT, LAO,
ALCORAN ,MELOCOTON
 INTRODUCTION
The Lucas reagent is an aqueous solution of strong acid (HCl)
and zinc chloride(ZnCl₂). The alcohol starting material must be
sufficiently soluble in aqueous environments for the reaction to
take place.

The Chromic acid test (Jones oxidation)distinguishes primary

and secondary alcohols from tertiary.

The 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test serves as a derivative

formation. Both aldehydes and ketones react with 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine to form a solid 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
(DNP) derivative.
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 INTRODUCTION
In Fehling’s test, the presence of aldehydes and not ketones is
detected by reduction of the deep blue solution of copper (II)to
muddy green solution, and then form a brick-red precipitate of
insoluble cuprous oxide(Cu2O).

Tollens’ test, also known as silver -mirror test, is a qualitative

laboratory test used to distinguish between and aldehyde and a
ketone.

The Iodoform test indicates the presence of an aldehyde or

ketone in which one of the groups directly attached to the carbonyl
carbon is a methyl group.

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DATA:

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 SOLUBILITY OF ALCHOLS IN WATER
AMOUNT OF WATER (mL)
CONDENSED
ALCHOL STRUCTURAL FORMULA
needed to produce a SOLUBILITY
homogenous dispertion

ETHANOL CH3CH2OH 1 mL MISCIBLE

n-BUTYL ALCHOL CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 1.5 mL MISCIBLE

sec-BUTYL ALCHOL 1 mL MISCIBLE

MISCIBLE
tert-BUTYL ALCHOL 1 mL

MISCIBLE
BENZYL ALCHOL N/A

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

LUCAS GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

TEST

n-BUTYL No layer
ALCHOL
CLEAR COLORLESS NONE COLORLESS COLORLESS
formed

No layer
sec-BUTYL CLEAR SLIGHTLY SLIGHTLY SLIGHTLY
ALCHOL formed CLOUDY
NONE Turbid CLOUDY

No layer
tert-BUTYL CLEAR
ALCHOL
formed CLOUDY NONE Turbid CLOUDY

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 Theoretical data: For Lucas Agent

Substances:
n-butyl alcohol Colorless

sec-butyl alchol Slightly cloudy

Tert-butyl alcohol Cloudy

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

CHROMIC GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

ACID

n-BUTYL
ALCHOL

sec-BUTYL
ALCHOL

tert-BUTYL
ALCHOL

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 Theoretical data: For Chromic Acid

Substances:
n-butyl alcohol Blue-green solution

Tert-butyl alcohol Orange solution

Acetaldehyde Blue-green solution

Benzaldehyde Blue-green solution

Acetone Blue-green solution

Acetaphenone Orange solution

Isopropyl Alcohol Orange solution

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

2,4- DPN GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

Acetaldehyde

Benzaldehyde

Acetone

Acetaphenone

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 Theoretical data: For 2,4- DNP

Substances:
Acetaldehyde Yellow ppt
Benzaldehyde Yellow ppt
Acetone Yellow ppt
Acetaphenone Red-orange ppt

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

Fehlings’s GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

test
Brick red
Acetaldehyde Blue Brick red Brick red ppt
Change Mint green
green ppt ppt

N/A (brick
Benzaldehyde N/A N/A N/A N/A red ppt)
N/A

Blue
Acetone Clear solution
Change Blue Sol. Blue Blue sol.
blue

Blue
3 layers
Acetaphenone 2 layers solution
(blue, Change Blue Sol. Blue sol.
(cloudy)
yellow)
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 Theoretical data: For Fehling’s test

Substances:
Acetaldehyde Brick red ppt.
Benzaldehyde Brick red ppt.
Acetone Blue solution
Acetaphenone Blue solution

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

Tollens’ GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

test

Acetaldehyde Slightly Silver

Change Silver Clear sol. Clear sol.
cloudy

Benzaldehyde N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (light

N/A yellow sol)

Dark gray Gray

Acetone Dark Gray w/
clear Change w/ color/solution
Sol. precipitate
precipitate

Very Cloudy Cloudy Gray

Acetaphenone Dark Gray Blue w/
cloudy Change Gray color/solution
Sol. precipitate
3 layer precipitate
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 Theoretical data: For Tollen’s test

Substances:

Acetaldehyde Silver

Benzaldehyde N/A (light yellow sol.)

Acetone Gray color/solution

Acetaphenone Cloudy Gray

color/solution

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 CLASSIFICATION TEST FOR HYDROXYL AND
CARBONYL- CONTAINING COMPUNDS

Iodoform GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

Acetaldehyde No Yellow Dark

clear No change Yellow ppt.
precipitate ppt. brown
n-butyraldehyde
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Benzaldehyde
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Acetone Cloudy Yellow Yellow Orange Golden

brown Ppt. ppt. sol. yellow Yellow ppt.

Acetaphenone Clear,
Yellow Yellow Cloudy Yellow ppt.
brown Cloudy
Ppt. ppt. yellow
yellow
Isopropyl Clear, Yellow Red-
alcohol N/A No change Yellow ppt.
orange ppt. Orange
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 Theoretical data: For Iodoform’s test

Substances:
Acetaldehyde Yellow ppt.
n-butyraldehyde No reaction
Benzaldehyde Red ppt.
Acetone Yellow ppt.
Acetaphenone Yellow ppt.
Isopropyl alcohol Yellow ppt.
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 POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1.) How do the structure and number of carbon affect the solubility bof alchols
in water?

Alkyls or long chains of carbons have a non polar bonding. Water

is a polar molecule and like dissolves like so it also dissolves easily if polarity
increases. Since carbon atoms have a nonpolar bonding, insolubility increases as
the nonpolar constituent will dominate over the polar constituents in alcohol If
number of carbon increases, solubility decreases

2.) Based on the samples used, which alcohol:

A. is most readily oxidized? why do you think this is so?

n-butyl alcohol, because it is a primary alcohol. In the chromic acid test

n-butyl alcohol displayed a positive result because primary alcohols react with
chromic acid which then undergoes oxidation to become an aldehyde which is
further oxidized to become carboxylic acid.

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 POST LAB QUESTIONS:
b. Immediately forms 2 layers with Lucas test? Why do you think so?

Tert-butyl alcohol, because it is a tertiary alcohol. The Greater

alkyl groups present in a compound the faster is its reaction with the lucas
solution.

3.) which chemical test/s helps differentiate between aldehyds and

keytones? explain your answer.

Tollens test or silver mirror test. It exploits the fact that

aldehydes are easily oxidized while ketones do not. The reaction is
accompanied by the reduction of silver ions in the tollens reagent into
metallic silver forming a silver mirror. Tollens reagent oxidizes an aldehyde
into a specific carboxylic acid while ketones are not oxidized.
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 POST LAB QUESTIONS:
4.) Which of the sample used gave a positive results with iodoform
test? explain your answer.

Acetaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, and isopropyl

alcohol exhibited positive result. Compounds with a methyl group next to a
carbonyl group give a positive result with the iodoform test. Ethanol and
secondary alcohols with a methyl group attached to the same carbon as
the –OH group will also give a positive iodoform test. This is because the
iodine oxidizes the alcohols to a carbonyl compound with a methyl group
next to the carbonyl group.

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THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!