Experimental analysis between LIF-

OH/355 from IFPEN, SANDIA and TU/e

H. Baya Toda, M. Meijer, N. Maes, S. Skeen, L. Pickett, LM, Malbec, G. Bruneaux

Third Workshop of the Engine Combustion Network,

April 4-5, 2014, Ann Arbor, USA,
April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 1/19
 Objectives

• Analyze the spray flame structure

• Assess the repeatability of measurements among different

institutions

• Improve measurements/post-processing for more reliable

results for next ECN meetings

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 2/19

 Contents

• Flame phases – spray A

• Operating conditions for comparisons

• Hardware comparisons

• 2D and 1D profiles comparisons

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 Analysis of flame phases – Spray A

SOC

EOI
I II III

FL
FTP
sR
sinert

LOL OH*
LOL(t)

Sources of information
– Shadowgraphy (CMT)
– OH* Chemiluminescence  LOL OH* (CMT)
– Broadband chemiluminescence
• FTP(t) = Flame Tip Penetration (CMT)
• LOL(t) (Sandia)
April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 4/19
 Analysis of flame phases – Spray A

SOC

EOI
I II III

FL
FTP
sR
sinert

LOL OH*
LOL(t)

Combustion stages
– (I) = Autoignition and early development
• From SOC until reacting penetration accelerates over inert case
• The reacting spray undergoes a transition from inert to reacting flow

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 5/19

 Analysis of flame phases – Spray A

SOC

EOI
I II III

FL
FTP
sR
sinert

LOL OH*
LOL(t)

Combustion stages
– (II) = Mature flame
• From the end of (I) until EOI
• (IIA) Transient mature flame – LOL still unsteady (upto 2000 us)
• (IIB) Quasi-steady mature flame – LOL steady but FTP increasing (upto 4000 us)
• (IIC) Steady flame – FTP steady (FL)
April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 6/19
 Analysis of flame phases – Spray A

SOC

EOI
I II III

FL
FTP
sR
sinert

LOL OH*
LOL(t)

Combustion stages
– (III) = Burn-out phase
• From EOI onwards

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 7/19

 Operating conditions for comparisons

SOC

EOI
I II III

FL
FTP
sR
sinert

LOL OH*
LOL(t)

Phases IFPEN SANDIA TU/e

PLIF-355 Transient 0.7 ms 0.7 ms X
Stabilized 2.7 ms 2.5 ms 4.7 ms*
PLIF-OH Transient 0.7 ms X 0.7 ms*
Stabilized 4.7 ms X 4.7 ms*
* Assuming an identical hydraulic delay as at IFPEN: 300us
April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 8/19
 Hardware differences

IFPEN SANDIA TU/e

Injectors 201-02 370 201-01
PLIF-355 Laser sheet 55 mm 65 mm 90 mm
Energy 100 mJ 100 mJ 110 mJ
PLIF-OH Excitation line Q1(6) 282.920 Q1(9) 283.928
Energy 11-17 mJ 11 mJ
Laser sheet 40 mm* 30 mm

* Measurements were performed with two laser sheets

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 9/19

 Flame structure – Spray A
Formaldehyde Reaction zone

PAH

Liquid phase Hot burnt gases

1. The formaldehyde structure decreases when increasing tempereature/ [O2]

2. The PLIF-OH signal start « almost » at LOL (OH*)

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 10/19

 PLIF-355: 2D comparisons

PAH

Formaldehyde

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 PLIF-355: 2D comparisons
IFPEN
SANDIA

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 PLIF-355: 2D comparisons

Formaldehyde

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 PLIF-OH: 2D comparisons t = 4.7 ms ASOI

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 Profiles comparison: PLIF-OH

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 PLIF-OH: 2D comparisons t = 0.7 ms ASOI

Not the same penetration

• Ambient conditions ?

• Injector to injector
variations ?

• Hydraulic delay ?

Not the same structure ?

• Laser profile correction ?

• Timing ?

• AI delay differences ?

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 16/19

 PLIF-OH: 2D comparisons t = 0.7 ms ASOI

0.4 ms 0.7 ms

4.7 ms 0.7 - 1 ms

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 17/19

 Conclusions

• Good agreement for PLIF-355 measurments

• Transient (IFPEN and SANDIA)
• Steady phase (IFPEN,TU/e and SANDIA)

• Good agreement for PLIF-OH measurements at steady state

phase

• PLIF-OH comparisons during transient phases are more difficult

and need more time for investigation

• PLIF-OH from TU/e more suitable for LOL estimation because

of the stable energy laser

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 18/19

 Thank you to all the contributors and good luck to the CFD GUYS !

April 2014 ECN 3: Flame structure 19/19