Anatomy Thyroid

Histology of Thyroid
Physiology of Thyroid
Definition of Goiter
Is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting
from enlargement of thyroid gland,
associated with a thyroid gland that is not
functioning properly.
Classifications of Goiter
Etiology of Goiter
1. The most common is caused iodine
deficiency
2. Other causes of goiter include :
 The bodys immune system attacking the
thyroid gland ( autoimmune problem)
 Certain medicines (lithium, amiodarone)
 Infection
 Cigarette smoking
 Certain food
 Toxic noduler goiter
 nutrition
Risk Factors
1. People over age 40
2. People with family history of goiter
3. Women
4. Radiation exposure
5. Pregnancy and monopuse
6. Medical history
7. A lack of dietary iodine
How to Diagnose ?
The health care provider will take your medical history
and do a physical exam.
You may be asked questions such as:
 Where is the lump located?
 Is it a hard lump or a soft, pliable (moves slightly),
bag-like (cystic) mass?
 Is it painless?
 Is the entire neck swollen?
 Has it been growing bigger? Over how many
months?
 Do you have a rash or other symptoms
 Do you have difficulty breathing ?
If you are diagnosed with a thyroid goiter, you
may need to take medicine or have surgery to
remove it.
You may need the following tests if the provider
suspects a thyroid nodule :
1. CT scan of the head or neck
2. Hormone Function
3. Blood test
4. Radioactive thyroid scan
5. Thyroid biopsy
If the lump is caused by a bacterial infection, you
may need to take antibiotics. If the cause is a
noncancerous mass or cyst, you may need
surgery to remove it.
Treatment
A goiter only needs to be treated if it is causing
symptoms.
Treatments for an enlarged thyroid include:
 Thyroid hormone replacement pills if the goiter is due
to an underactive thyroid
 Small doses of Lugol's iodine or potassium iodine
solution if the goiter is due to a lack of iodine
 Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland, especially if
the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone
 Surgery (thyroidectomy) to remove all or part of the
gland
Differential Diagnose
1. Lymphadenopaty
2. Sub acute Thyroiditis
3. Infectious Thyroiditis
4. Thyroid Nodule
5. Thyroid Lymphoma etc
Prognose
A simple goiter may disappear on its own,
or may become larger. Over time, the
thyroid gland may stop making enough
thyroid hormone. This condition is called
hypothyroidism
In some cases, a goiter becomes toxic and
produces thyroid hormone on its own. This
can cause high levels of thyroid hormone,
a condition called hyperthyroidism.
Complication
 Small goiters that don't cause physical or
cosmetic problems aren't a concern. But
large goiters can make it hard to breathe or
swallow and can cause a cough and
hoarseness.
 Goiters that result from other conditions,
such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism,
can be associated with a number of
symptoms, ranging from fatigue and weight
gain to unintended weight loss, irritability
and trouble sleeping.