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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

AND ENGINEERING
(GE6351)
UNIT – III
NATURAL RESOURCES
FOOD RESOURCES
FOOD RESOURCES
 Food is an essential requirement for the human
survival.
 The main components of food are carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins.
TYPES OF FOOD SUPPLY
1. Croplands 76% of world food
2. Rangelands 17% of world food
3. Oceans 7% of world food
MAJOR FOOD SOURCES
 15 plants & 8 terrestrial animal species supply
90% of our global intake of calories
 Eg: Rice, wheat, maize, potato, barley, sugarcane,
pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, fish and
sea food.
WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS
1. Increase in population and decrease in
cultivable land area.
2. Environmental degradation like soil erosion,
water logging, salinity affect agricultural lands.
3. Urbanisation.
4. Major food resoruces.
5. Human activity degrade most of the earth’s net
primary productivity which supports all life.
UNDER NUTRITION AND MALNUTRITION
1. Nutritious (or) Nourished
2. Under Nutrition (or) Under nourished
3. Malnutrition (or) Malnourished

S. No Deficiency of nutrient Effects


1 Proteins Growth
2 Iron Anaemia
3 Iodine Goitre
4 Vitamin A Blindness
CHANGES CAUSED BY OVERGRAZING
 Overgrazing
 Overgrazing is the process of eating away the forest
vegetation without giving it a chance to regenerate.
 Effects of overgrazing
1. Land degradation
2. Soil erotion
3. Loss of useful species
AGRICULTURE
 Agriculture is an art, science and industry of
managing the growth of plants and animals for
human use.
 Agriculture includes cultivation of the soil,
growing and harvesting crop, breeding and
raising livestock, dairying and forestry.
TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
 Traditional Agriculture
 Modern Agriculture
IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
 Deforestation
 Soil erosion

 Loss of nutrients
EFFECTS OF MODERN AGRICULTURE (OR)
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
1. Problems in using Fertilizer
 Micronutrient Imbalance
 Blue Baby syndrome
 Eutrophication
2. Problems in using Pesticides
 Death of non-target organisms
 Producing new pests
 Bio magnification
 Risk of cancer
3. Water logging
4. Salinity
ENERGY RESOURCES
ENERGY
 Capacity to do work
 Any property which can be converted into work

Wood Coal Alternate


Oil
Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Merits
 Unlimited supply
 Provides energy security
 Fits into sustainable development concept
 Reliable and the devices are modular in size.
 Decentralized energy production
NON-RENEWABLE (OR) CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY RESOUCES
 Cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted
 Eg: Coal, Petroleum, natural gas and nuclear
fuels
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy

 Ocean Energy

 Geo-Thermal Energy

 Biomass Energy
SOLAR ENERGY
 Energy we get directly from the sun
 Nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside the sun
release enormous amount of energy in the form of
heat and light.
 Methods of Harvesting Solar Energy
 Solar Cell (or) Photovoltaic Cells
 Solar Battery
 Solar heat collectors
 Solar water heaters
SOLAR CELLS (OR) PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
SOLAR BATTERY
SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS
SOLAR WATER HEATER
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLAR ENERGY
 Noise and Pollution free
 Solar water heaters, cookers, require neither fuel
nor attention while cooking food
 Can be used in remote and isolated areas, forests,
hilly regions.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy

 Ocean Energy

 Geo-Thermal Energy

 Biomass Energy
WIND ENERGY
 Moving air is wind
 Energy recovered form the force of wind is called
wind energy.
 Wind energy can be harvested by
 Wind mills
 Wind farms
WIND MILLS
 The strike of blowing
wind on the blades of
the wind mill make it
rotating continuously.
 Condition
 Speed 15km/hr
 Advantage
 Does not cause air
pollution
 It is very cheap
SIGNIFICANCE OF WIND ENERGY
 Generation period of wind energy is low
 Can be made available in many off-shore, on-
shore and remote areas
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy

 Ocean Energy

 Geo-Thermal Energy

 Biomass Energy
OCEAN ENERGY
 Tidal energy (or) Tidal Power
 Ocean Thermal Energy
TIDAL ENERGY
SIGNIFICANCE OF TIDAL ENERGY
 Do not require large areas
 Independent of rainfall

 Pollution-free energy source as it does not use


any fuel
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
 The energy available due to the difference in
temperature of the water is called ocean thermal
energy
SIGNIFICANCE OF OCEAN THERMAL
ENERGY
 Continuous, Renewable and pollution free
 Condition – Difference in temperature should be
20 degree Centigrade
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy

 Ocean Energy

 Geo-Thermal Energy

 Biomass Energy
GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
 Temperature of the Earth increases to 20-75◦ C
per Km.
 The energy harvested from the high temperature
present in the earth is called geo-thermal energy.
1. Natural geysers
2. Artificial geysers
SIGNIFICANCE OF GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
 Power generation level is higher
 Geo-thermal plants can be brought on line more
quickly
 Efficient and effective for direct use.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy

 Ocean Energy

 Geo-Thermal Energy

 Biomass Energy
BIOMASS ENERGY
 Biomass – Organic matter produced by plants or
animals.
 Burnt directly for heating, cooling and industrial
purposes
 Eg: Wood, crop residue, Cattle dung, Sewage,
agricultural waste etc..
1. Biofules
2. Hydrogen fuel
1. BIOFULES
 Ethonal
 Produced from sugarcane
 Less calorific value when compared to petrol

 Methonal
 Produced from ethonal and sugar containing plants
 Gasohol
 Produced from mixture of ethonal and gasoline.
2. HYDROGEN FUEL
 Produced by thermal dissociation or photolysis or
electrolysis of water.
 Produce very high calorific value.

 Non Polluting.
DISADVANTAGE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
 Highly inflammable
 Safe handling is required

 Difficult to store and transport.

SIGNIFICANCE OF BIO-ENERGY
 Less Cost
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coal
 Petroleum

 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 Natural Gas

 Nuclear Energy
COAL
 Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
as buried remains of land plants that lived 300-
400 million year ago were subjected to intense
heat and pressure over million years ago

Wood Peat Bituminous


Lignite
Coal

Anthracite

90 percentage of carbon
DISADVANTAGE OF USING COAL
 When coal is burnt it produce CO2 causes global
warming.
 Coal contains impurities like S and N.

 It produce toxic gases.


NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coal
 Petroleum

 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 Natural Gas

 Nuclear Energy
PETROLEUM
 Petroleum or crude oil  Hundreds of
hydrocarbons with small amount of S,O, N as
impurities
 Occurrence
 Fossil fuel buried under lake and ocean at high
temperature and pressure for million of years.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
PETROLEUM-WORLD SCENARIO
 25% of oil reserves are found in Saudi Arabia
 Crude oil reserves are expected to exhausted in
40 years
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coal
 Petroleum

 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 Natural Gas

 Nuclear Energy
LPG (LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS)
 Petroleum gas, obtained during cracking and
fractional distillation, can be easily converted
into liquid under high pressure.
 LPG  Colourless, odourless gas

 Mercaptans added to indentify leakage.


NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coal
 Petroleum

 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 Natural Gas

 Nuclear Energy
NATURAL GAS
 Found above the oil in oil well
 Contains 50-90% methane and small amount of
other hydrocarbons
 Calorific value 12,000-14,000 k.cal/m3.

 Types
 Dry gas (methane, ethane)
 Wet gas (propane, butane)
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coal
 Petroleum

 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 Natural Gas

 Nuclear Energy
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Dr.H. Bhabha  Father of Nuclear power
 Uses 2% of India’s Electricity

 Two types
 Nuclear Fission
 Nuclear Fusion
NUCLEAR FISSION
 Heavier nucleus are split into lighter nuclei
NUCLEAR FUSION
 Lighter nucleus are combined together at
extremely high temperature (1 billion deg C) to
form heavier nucleus
COMPARISON OF COAL WITH NUCLEAR
POWER
Sl.No Coal Power Nuclear Power
1 Fossil Fuel Produced by Nuclear Fission
and Fusion
2 Produce 90% of World’s Produce 10% of World’s Energy
total energy
3 Produce smaller Energy Produce large energy
4 Similar products are New products are obtained
obtained
5 Combustion of coal Changes in electronic
involves changes in configuration and nuclei of
electronic configuration atoms
6 Less dangerous Very dangerous
7 Produce air pollution Disposal of nuclear waste
creates a big problem
8 Produce less pollution Produce radio active pollutants
OBJECTIVE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 To Provide more energy to meet the requirement
of increasing population
 To reduce environmental pollution

 To reduce safety and security risks associated


with the use of nuclear energy
ENERGY CONVERSATION PROCESS
 It is the process of changing energy from one
form to another

Energy Energy Useful


Source Conservation Energy
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Energy Sources Types of energy Energy after
Conservation
Hydro (water) Potential Energy Kinetic Energy 
Electrical Energy
Wind Kinetic Energy Electrical Energy
Geothermal, Thermal Energy Mechanical Energy 
Ocean-thermal Electrical Energy
Solar Radiant Energy Thermal Energy 
Electrical Energy
Oil, Coal-gas, Chemical Energy Thermal Energy 
Biomass Electrical Energy
Uranium, Thorium Nuclear Energy Thermal Energy 
Mechanical Energy 
Electrical Energy
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
 It is a series of biological process in which micro-
organisms break down biodegradable materials
in the absence of oxygen.
 End product is Biogas
STEPS INVOLVED IN ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
 Hydrolysis  Convertion of insoluble organic
polymers to soluble materials
 Acidogenesis  Converts sugars and amino acids
inot carbondioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and
Organic acids
 Acetognesis  Converts organic acids into acedic
acid along with additonal ammonia, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide
 MethoanogenesisFinally the above products
are converted into methane and carbondioxide by
methonogenesis
PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Carbohydrates Sugars Carbonic acids
and Alcohols

Fats Fatty acids


Hydrogen,
Carbon di-
Proteins Amino acids oxide,
Ammonia
Hydrolysis Acidogenesis

Hydrogen,
Methane
Acedic Acid &
Carbon di-oxide
Carbon di-oxide

Methanogenesis Actenogenesis
BIO GAS (OR) GOBAR GAS
 Bio-gas is a mixture of various gases formed by
the anaerobic degradation of biological matter in
the absence of free oxygen.
 Composition of Bio-gas

Compund %
Methane 50-75
Carbon di-oxide 25-50
Nitrogen 0-10
Hydrogen 0-1
Hydrogen sulphide 0-3
Oxygen 0
BIOGAS PLANT
USES OF BIOGAS
 Bio-gas is used for cooking food and heating
water.
 It is used to run engines

 It is also used as an illuminant in villages.

 It is used for running tube well and water pump-


set engines.
 It is directly used in gas turbines and fuel cells
for producing electricity.
LAND RESOURCES
LAND AS A RESOURCE
 Land Provides food, fibre, wood , medicine and
other biological materials for food
 Soil is the mixture of inorganic materials (rocks
and minerals) and organic materials (dead
animals and plants).
 Soil  renewable energy resoruce

(if rate of erosion is less)


USES OF LAND RESOURCES
 Land provide food, wood, minerals etc for us.
 It nurtures the plants and animals

 Land is used as woatershed or reservoir

 Land acts as dust bin for most of the wastes


created by modern society.
 Land is used for construction of buildings,
industries.
LAND (OR) SOIL DEGRADATION
 Land degradation is the process of deterioration
of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.

CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION


 Population
 Urbanization

 Fertilizers and Pesticides

 Damage of top soil

 Water logging, soil erosion, salination and


contamination of the soil with industrial wastes
EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION
 Soil Texture and structure are deteriorated.
 Loss of soil fertility, due to loss of invaluable
nutrients.
 Increase in water logging, salinity, alkalinity and
acidity problems.
 Loss of economic social and biodiversity
SOIL EROSION
 Soil erosion is the process of removal of
superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another.
 Soil erosion also removes the soil components and
surface liter.
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
 Normal Erosion.
 Accelerated Erosion.
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION
 Water
 Wind

 Biotic Agents – Overgrazing, mining , Deforestation

 Landslides

 Construction
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION
 Soil fertility is lost
 Loss of its ability to hold water and Sediment.

 Sediment runoff can pollute water and kill


aquatic life.
CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION (OR) SOIL
CONSERVATION PRACTICES
 Conservational till farming (or) no till farming
 Contour farming

 Terracing

 Alley cropping (or) Agro forestry

 Wind breaks (or) shelter belts


NO-TILL FARMING
CONTOUR FARMING
TERRACING
ALLEY CROPPING (OR) AGRO FORESTRY
WIND BREAKS (OR) SHELTER BELTS
DESERTIFICATION
 Desertification is a progressive destruction or
degradation of arid or semiarid lands to desert.
 Harmful effects of desertification.
1. Around 80% of the productive land in the arid and
semi-arid regions are converted into desert.
2. Around 600 million people are threatened by
desertification.
CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
 Deforestation
 Over grazing

 Water management (Over utilization of ground water)

 Mining and Quarrying

 Climate Change

 Pollution
MAN INDUCED LANDSLIDES
 Landslides are the downward and outward
movement of a slope composed of earth materials
such as rock, soil and artificial fills.

CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
 Removal of vegetation.
 Underground mining
 Transport
 Addition of weight
 Ground water level
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MAN INDUCED
LANDSLIDES
 Landslide increases the turbidity of nearby
streams, their by reducing their productivity.
 Destruction of communication links

 Loss of habitat and biodiversity.

 Loss of infrastructure and Economic loss.


ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
 Conservation of Energy
 Conservation of water

 Conservation of soil

 Conservation of food resources

 Conservation of forest
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
 Switch off lights, fans when not in use.
 Use solar heater

 Dry clothes in sunlight instead of driers.

 Grow trees near the houses

 Use always pressure cooker

 Ride bicycle or just walk


CONSERVATION OF WATER
 Use minimum water
 Check for water leaks

 Reuse the soapy water for washing off the


courtyards, drive ways etc
 Use drip irrigation.

 Wasted water can be used for watering the


plants.
 Build rainwater harvesting system.
CONSERVATION OF SOIL
 Grow different types of plants, herbs and trees.
 While constructing the house don’t uproot the
trees as far as possible.
 Don’t irrigate the plants using a strong flow of
water.
 Use sprinkling irrigation

 Use green manure

 Use mixed cropping to avoid nutrient loss


CONSERVATION OF FOOD RESOURCES
 Eat minimum amount of food.
 Don’t waste the food, instead give it to someone
before getting spoiled.
 Cook only required amount of food.

 Don’t cook food unnecessarily.

 Don’t store large amount of food grains and


protect them form damaging insects.
CONSERVATION OF FOREST
 Use non-timber products
 Plant more trees

 Grazing should be controlled.

 Minimize the use of papers and fuel woods.

 Avoid executing developmental work like dams,


road constructions near forest areas.
EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES
FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE STYLE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Development of healthy environment without
damaging the natural resources.
 Natural resources should be used in such a way
that it must be available for the future
generation also.
UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Degradation of environment due to over
utilization and over exploitation of natural
resources
LIFE STYLE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
 Most Developed Countries
 22% of world’s population
 Using 88% of natural resources
 85% of total global income.
 More contribution towards pollution

 Less Developed Countries


 78% of world’s population
 Uses 12% of natural resources.
 15% of total global income.
 Consume too low natural resources.
CAUSES OF UNSUSTAINABILITY
 Main cause is due to the difference between the
less developed and more developed countries.

CONDITION FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE STYLE

 Achieve more balanced and equitable distribution


of land resources and income.
 Rich countries should lower down their
consumption level, while minimum needs of the
poor should be fulfilled by providing them
resources.
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL BIO-CHEMISTRY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY
 Environmental biochemistry involves approaches
to treat polluted air, waste water and solid waste
using metabolic activities of microorganisms.
 Aim of environmental biochemistry.
1. It aims to manufacture of products in
environmentally harmonious ways, which allow for
the minimization of harmful solids, liquids or
gaseous output.
2. It also aims to create a cleaner ecosystems
XENOBIOTICS
 Biochemistry is used in environmental science to
understand the effects of environment on living
organisms as they interact with environmental
pollutants.
 These pollutants are referred to as xenobiotics.

 This can be ingested, inhaled or absorbed


through he skin.
 Using biochemistry it is possible to study how
different pollutant behave once if they are in the
body.
PROTEIN
 All raw animals and plant stuffs contains
proteins.
 Proteins are complex in chemical structure and
unstable being subjected to many forms of
decomposition.
 All protein contain carbon along with hydrogen,
nitrogen and oxygen.
 Creates foul smell when contained in large
amount
DEGRADATION OF PROTEIN
 Environmental toxins can damage protein.
 If a damaged protein is not repaired, it is
degraded easily.
 The degradation of a protein usually follow
hydrolysis.

Amino acid Ammonia Nitrates Nitrates


BIOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF
POLLUTANTS
 The organic matter present in waste water
includes degradable carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids.
 The treatment of such waste water aims at
oxidizing or degrading the organic compounds, so
as to decrease the biological oxygen demand.
 The degradation is performed by a single micro-
organism under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
TYPES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS
1. Very Easily degradable
2. Easily degradable
3. Potentially degradable
4. Very slowly degradable
VERY EASILY DEGRADABLE
 Pollutants
 Simple sugars, amino acids, organic acids.
 Organisms
 Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae
 Time for removal
 Within a hour
EASILY DEGRADABLE
 Pollutants
 Branched and straight chained polysaccharides,
proteins, fatty acids.
 Organisms
 More than one bacterial strain accelerates the
degradation process
 Time for removal
 Removed in 10-14 days
POTENTIALLY DEGRADABLE
 Pollutants
 Saturated fatty oils, lipo proteins, fats and aliphatic
aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Organisms
 Extremely high bacterial densities
 Time for removal
 Removed in 3 weeks
VERY SLOWLY DEGRADABLE
 Pollutants
 Ligno cellulose, Organo chlorines, PCB, insecticides
 Organisms
 Very high microbial biomass is required for these
degradation
 Time for removal
 Extremely large time
BIOCONVERSION OF POLLUTANTS
 Bioconversion is the change of pollutants into a
source of energy by the action of micro-
organisms.
 It is the cheap and safe method

 Eg:

Bioconversion of biomass into ethanol,


methanol (or) methane
TYPES OF BIO-CONSERVATION
 Enzymatic hydrolysis
 Synthesis gas fermentation

 Composing
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
 Feedstock is mixed with strong enzymes which
converts a portion of cellulosic material into
sugar which can be fermented into ethonal.
SYNTHESIS GAS FERMENTATION
 Feed stock is mixed with 30% water and is
gasified in a closed environment into a “syn gas”
using carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
 The cooled syngas is then converted into usable
products through exposure to bacteria.
COMPOSTING
 A feedstock of organic matter is subjected to some
organisms to reduce and convert organic waste
into high quality feed stuff and oil rich material
for the biodiesel industry

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