Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AND ENGINEERING
(GE6351)
UNIT – III
NATURAL RESOURCES
FOOD RESOURCES
FOOD RESOURCES
Food is an essential requirement for the human
survival.
The main components of food are carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins.
TYPES OF FOOD SUPPLY
1. Croplands 76% of world food
2. Rangelands 17% of world food
3. Oceans 7% of world food
MAJOR FOOD SOURCES
15 plants & 8 terrestrial animal species supply
90% of our global intake of calories
Eg: Rice, wheat, maize, potato, barley, sugarcane,
pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, fish and
sea food.
WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS
1. Increase in population and decrease in
cultivable land area.
2. Environmental degradation like soil erosion,
water logging, salinity affect agricultural lands.
3. Urbanisation.
4. Major food resoruces.
5. Human activity degrade most of the earth’s net
primary productivity which supports all life.
UNDER NUTRITION AND MALNUTRITION
1. Nutritious (or) Nourished
2. Under Nutrition (or) Under nourished
3. Malnutrition (or) Malnourished
Loss of nutrients
EFFECTS OF MODERN AGRICULTURE (OR)
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
1. Problems in using Fertilizer
Micronutrient Imbalance
Blue Baby syndrome
Eutrophication
2. Problems in using Pesticides
Death of non-target organisms
Producing new pests
Bio magnification
Risk of cancer
3. Water logging
4. Salinity
ENERGY RESOURCES
ENERGY
Capacity to do work
Any property which can be converted into work
Ocean Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
SOLAR ENERGY
Energy we get directly from the sun
Nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside the sun
release enormous amount of energy in the form of
heat and light.
Methods of Harvesting Solar Energy
Solar Cell (or) Photovoltaic Cells
Solar Battery
Solar heat collectors
Solar water heaters
SOLAR CELLS (OR) PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
SOLAR BATTERY
SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS
SOLAR WATER HEATER
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLAR ENERGY
Noise and Pollution free
Solar water heaters, cookers, require neither fuel
nor attention while cooking food
Can be used in remote and isolated areas, forests,
hilly regions.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Ocean Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
WIND ENERGY
Moving air is wind
Energy recovered form the force of wind is called
wind energy.
Wind energy can be harvested by
Wind mills
Wind farms
WIND MILLS
The strike of blowing
wind on the blades of
the wind mill make it
rotating continuously.
Condition
Speed 15km/hr
Advantage
Does not cause air
pollution
It is very cheap
SIGNIFICANCE OF WIND ENERGY
Generation period of wind energy is low
Can be made available in many off-shore, on-
shore and remote areas
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Ocean Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
OCEAN ENERGY
Tidal energy (or) Tidal Power
Ocean Thermal Energy
TIDAL ENERGY
SIGNIFICANCE OF TIDAL ENERGY
Do not require large areas
Independent of rainfall
Ocean Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
Temperature of the Earth increases to 20-75◦ C
per Km.
The energy harvested from the high temperature
present in the earth is called geo-thermal energy.
1. Natural geysers
2. Artificial geysers
SIGNIFICANCE OF GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
Power generation level is higher
Geo-thermal plants can be brought on line more
quickly
Efficient and effective for direct use.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Ocean Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass – Organic matter produced by plants or
animals.
Burnt directly for heating, cooling and industrial
purposes
Eg: Wood, crop residue, Cattle dung, Sewage,
agricultural waste etc..
1. Biofules
2. Hydrogen fuel
1. BIOFULES
Ethonal
Produced from sugarcane
Less calorific value when compared to petrol
Methonal
Produced from ethonal and sugar containing plants
Gasohol
Produced from mixture of ethonal and gasoline.
2. HYDROGEN FUEL
Produced by thermal dissociation or photolysis or
electrolysis of water.
Produce very high calorific value.
Non Polluting.
DISADVANTAGE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
Highly inflammable
Safe handling is required
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIO-ENERGY
Less Cost
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
COAL
Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
as buried remains of land plants that lived 300-
400 million year ago were subjected to intense
heat and pressure over million years ago
Anthracite
90 percentage of carbon
DISADVANTAGE OF USING COAL
When coal is burnt it produce CO2 causes global
warming.
Coal contains impurities like S and N.
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
PETROLEUM
Petroleum or crude oil Hundreds of
hydrocarbons with small amount of S,O, N as
impurities
Occurrence
Fossil fuel buried under lake and ocean at high
temperature and pressure for million of years.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
PETROLEUM-WORLD SCENARIO
25% of oil reserves are found in Saudi Arabia
Crude oil reserves are expected to exhausted in
40 years
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
LPG (LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS)
Petroleum gas, obtained during cracking and
fractional distillation, can be easily converted
into liquid under high pressure.
LPG Colourless, odourless gas
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
NATURAL GAS
Found above the oil in oil well
Contains 50-90% methane and small amount of
other hydrocarbons
Calorific value 12,000-14,000 k.cal/m3.
Types
Dry gas (methane, ethane)
Wet gas (propane, butane)
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Dr.H. Bhabha Father of Nuclear power
Uses 2% of India’s Electricity
Two types
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
NUCLEAR FISSION
Heavier nucleus are split into lighter nuclei
NUCLEAR FUSION
Lighter nucleus are combined together at
extremely high temperature (1 billion deg C) to
form heavier nucleus
COMPARISON OF COAL WITH NUCLEAR
POWER
Sl.No Coal Power Nuclear Power
1 Fossil Fuel Produced by Nuclear Fission
and Fusion
2 Produce 90% of World’s Produce 10% of World’s Energy
total energy
3 Produce smaller Energy Produce large energy
4 Similar products are New products are obtained
obtained
5 Combustion of coal Changes in electronic
involves changes in configuration and nuclei of
electronic configuration atoms
6 Less dangerous Very dangerous
7 Produce air pollution Disposal of nuclear waste
creates a big problem
8 Produce less pollution Produce radio active pollutants
OBJECTIVE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
To Provide more energy to meet the requirement
of increasing population
To reduce environmental pollution
Hydrogen,
Methane
Acedic Acid &
Carbon di-oxide
Carbon di-oxide
Methanogenesis Actenogenesis
BIO GAS (OR) GOBAR GAS
Bio-gas is a mixture of various gases formed by
the anaerobic degradation of biological matter in
the absence of free oxygen.
Composition of Bio-gas
Compund %
Methane 50-75
Carbon di-oxide 25-50
Nitrogen 0-10
Hydrogen 0-1
Hydrogen sulphide 0-3
Oxygen 0
BIOGAS PLANT
USES OF BIOGAS
Bio-gas is used for cooking food and heating
water.
It is used to run engines
Landslides
Construction
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION
Soil fertility is lost
Loss of its ability to hold water and Sediment.
Terracing
Climate Change
Pollution
MAN INDUCED LANDSLIDES
Landslides are the downward and outward
movement of a slope composed of earth materials
such as rock, soil and artificial fills.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Removal of vegetation.
Underground mining
Transport
Addition of weight
Ground water level
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MAN INDUCED
LANDSLIDES
Landslide increases the turbidity of nearby
streams, their by reducing their productivity.
Destruction of communication links
Conservation of soil
Conservation of forest
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Switch off lights, fans when not in use.
Use solar heater
Eg:
Composing
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
Feedstock is mixed with strong enzymes which
converts a portion of cellulosic material into
sugar which can be fermented into ethonal.
SYNTHESIS GAS FERMENTATION
Feed stock is mixed with 30% water and is
gasified in a closed environment into a “syn gas”
using carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The cooled syngas is then converted into usable
products through exposure to bacteria.
COMPOSTING
A feedstock of organic matter is subjected to some
organisms to reduce and convert organic waste
into high quality feed stuff and oil rich material
for the biodiesel industry